Journal of Chemistry

Research Article

Volatile Composition and Enantioselective Analysis of Chiral Terpenoids of Nine Fruit and Vegetable Fibres Resulting from Juice Industry By-Products

Table 1

Average relative percentage of volatile contents and their distribution ranges in different production batches (in parenthesis) of citrus fibres, as determined by HS-SPME-GC-MS analysis.
 LRI (exp.)LRI (ref.)Lemon fibreOrange flesh fibreTangerine flesh fibreOrange peel fibreTangerine peel fibre
Mean Mean Mean Mean Mean
Aldehydes       
Hexanal  0.2 (0.1–0.4)0.1 (traces–0.2)0.4TracesTraces
Furfural  7.7 (4.6–13.0)Traces0.1  
Heptanal902905TracesTraces0.1  
(E)-2-Heptenal9599570.2 (0.1–0.4)0.1 (traces–0.1)TracesTracesTraces
Benzaldehyde9639610.1 (0.1-0.1)0.1 (traces–0.2)0.3  
Nonanal110611030.3 (0.2–0.4)0.1 (traces–0.1)0.2TracesTraces
Decanal12071205 0.1 (traces–0.2)0.10.2Traces
Subtotal  8.50.51.20.20.1
Ketones       
6-Methyl-5-hepten-2-one9899850.1 (0.1-0.1)    
Subtotal  0.10.00.00.00.0
Esters       
Butyl isobutyrate9569540.3 (0.1–0.5)0.1 (traces–0.1)0.1  
Hexyl butanoate11941190   TracesTraces
Octyl acetate12161215 Traces0.10.10.1
Butyl benzoate137813760.3 (0.2–0.4)    
Subtotal  0.60.10.20.1 
Alcohols       
1-Heptanol9739700.1 (traces–0.2)    
Subtotal  0.10.00.00.10.1
Terpenoids       
α-Thujene930931   0.10.1
α-Pinene9379390.7 (0.4–1.2)0.4 (0.2–0.7)0.40.70.9
α-Fenchene19509510.8 (0.6–1.3)    
β-Pinene29789800.1 (traces–0.2)0.1 (traces–0.1)Traces0.50.2
Myrcene9969910.6 (0.4–1.4)2.0 (1.4–3.4)1.83.63.6
α-Phellandrene100510050.2 (0.1–0.4)    
δ-3-Carene10111011 0.2 (0.1–0.3)0.10.2Traces
α-Terpinene101710161.2 (0.5–3.6)0.1 (0.1–0.2)0.1TracesTraces
p-Cymene1018101813.7 (8.9–21.7)0.6 (0.3–1.7)Traces0.20.1
Limonene1027102652.7 (28.3–61.3)92.3 (88.8–93.6)94.092.290.4
β-Ocimene10311031 0.1 (traces–0.2)0.10.20.3
γ-Terpinene105310507.4 (4.0–15.1)0.5 (0.3–1.0)0.40.42.6
α-Terpinolene106210625.1 (3.7–9.3)0.2 (0.2–0.3)0.30.30.3
Linalool110010980.1 (0.1-0.1)0.1 (traces–0.1)TracesTracesTraces
1,3,8-p-Menthatriene11131111 Traces (traces–0.1)TracesTracesTraces
endo-Fenchol111411120.2 (0.1–0.2)    
Unknown (MW = 172)1124 0.1 (0.1–0.2)TracesTracesTracesTraces
Terpinen-1-ol113711340.1 (0.1–0.3)Traces0.2TracesTraces
cis-β-Terpineol114711440.5 (0.4–0.8)TracesTraces  
Borneol116311650.5 (0.4–0.6)    
4-Terpineol117811770.2 (0.1–0.2)0.1 (0.1–0.3)Traces0.10.1
α-Terpineol119111894.7 (3.2–6.6)0.3 (0.1–0.5)0.2TracesTraces
γ-Terpineol119611920.4 (0.2–0.9)    
Safranal11991201 Traces0.1TracesTraces
Carvone12501245 Traces0.1TracesTraces
α-Terpinyl acetate13561350   0.1Traces
Citronellyl acetate13611360   Traces0.1
Neryl acetate13711368   Traces0.1
α-Copaene13791376 0.2 (0.1–0.3)0.30.10.1
β-Elemene13931391   0.10.1
(E)--Caryophyllene14201418 0.1 (traces–0.1)Traces  
α-(E)-Ionone14281426   0.1Traces
β-Cubebene14301434   TracesTraces
trans-α-Bergamotene143714380.4 (0.2–0.8)    
Alloaromadendrene14521455   TracesTraces
α-Caryophyllene14531455   TracesTraces
β-Farnesene14591458 0.2 (0.1–0.4) TracesTraces
β-Ionone14881485     
Valencene149314910.5 (0.2–0.7)1.6 (0.1–4.1)0.10.80.7
β-Bisabolene15101509 0.1 (traces–0.4)0.5Traces0.1
α-Farnesene15111508  0.1  
7-epi-α-Selinene15161517 0.1 (traces–0.2)TracesTracesTraces
δ-Cadinene15251524 0.1 (traces–0.1)0.10.10.1
γ-Bisabolene153415330.6 (0.3–1.4)    
Total (%)  91.099.498.999.899.9
Total normalised area  65.1408.7353.3
lemon fibre, area includes camphene as a result of coelution.
orange and tangerine peel fibres, area includes sabinene as a result of coelution.
The term “traces” indicates area percentage < 0.05%.