Human Risk Assessment of Organochlorine Pesticide Residues in Vegetables from Kumasi, Ghana
Table 4
Concentration, EDI, and health risk estimation for OCP residues detected in vegetables from Nsenie.
Sample
Pesticide
Mean ± SD (µg/kg)
EU/WHO MRL (µg/kg)
ADI
EDI
HI
HR
Lettuce
β-HCH
12.00 ± 1.70
10
3
2.74 × 10−2
Adult
9.13 × 10−3
No
1.64 × 10−1
Child
5.48 × 10−2
No
Heptachlor
0.20 ± 0.01
10
0.1
4.57 × 10−4
Adult
4.57 × 10−3
No
2.74 × 10−3
Child
2.74 × 10−2
No
Aldrin
21.50 ± 0.42
10
0.2
4.91 × 10−2
Adult
2.45 × 10−1
No
2.95 × 10−1
Child
1.47 × 100
Yes
α-Endosulfan
4.10 ± 0.14
10
6
9.36 × 10−3
Adult
1.56 × 10−3
No
5.62 × 10−2
Child
9.36 × 10−3
No
Endrin
6.10 ± 0.42
10
0.2
1.39 × 10−2
Adult
6.96 × 10−2
No
8.36 × 10−2
Child
4.18 × 10−1
No
p,p′-DDT
11.50 ± 4.38
50
20
2.63 × 10−2
Adult
1.31 × 10−3
No
1.58 × 10−1
Child
7.88 × 10−3
No
Methoxychlor
38.10 ± 6.38
10
5
8.70 × 10−2
Adult
1.74 × 10−2
No
5.22 × 10−1
Child
1.04 × 10−1
No
Onion
β-HCH
48.35 ± 5.09
10
3
1.10 × 10−1
Adult
3.68 × 10−2
No
6.62 × 10−1
Child
2.21 × 10−1
No
Heptachlor
0.90 ± 0.14
10
0.1
2.06 × 10−3
Adult
2.06 × 10−2
No
1.23 × 10−2
Child
1.23 × 10−1
No
Aldrin
5.49 ± 0.14
10
0.2
1.25 × 10−2
Adult
6.27 × 10−2
No
7.52 × 10−2
Child
3.76 × 10−1
No
Endosulfan sulfate
2.80 ± 0.28
10
6
6.39 × 10−3
Adult
1.07 × 10−3
No
3.84 × 10−2
Child
6.39 × 10−3
No
Soil
β-HCH
0.53 ± 0.02
—
—
—
—
—
—
Aldrin
0.09 ± 0.03
—
—
—
—
—
—
p,p′-DDD
6.27 ± 1.70
—
—
—
—
—
—
p,p′-DDT
4.01 ± 0.31
—
—
—
—
—
—
Methoxychlor
2.61 ± 0.01
—
—
—
—
—
—
Groundwater
Aldrin
3.57 ± 0.09
0.03
—
—
—
—
—
Methoxychlor
8.87 ± 0.34
20.00
—
—
—
—
—
Note: mean ± standard deviation of 3 determinations; above the EU/WHO MRL; for groundwater, WHO MRLs were used; for vegetables, EU MRLs were used; all OCPs were below detection limits in cabbage samples; —, not applicable.
