Investigating the Impact of Anthropogenic and Natural Sources of Pollution on Quality of Water in Upper Indus Basin (UIB) by Using Multivariate Statistical Analysis

Table 1

Irrigation water quality framework guidelines along with WHO recommended concentration of As in μg/l.

Potential water quality problem	Units	None	Degree of restriction on using slight to moderate	Severe
Salinity (affects on water availability)
Ecw	dS/m	<0.7	0.7–3.0	>3.0
Or
TDS	mg/l	<450	450–2000	>2000
Infiltration (affects infiltration rate of water into the soil and evaluates using Ecw and SAR together)
SAR
= 0–3 and Ecw =		>0.7	0.7–0.2	<0.2
= 3–6		>1.2	1.2–0.3	<0.3
= 6–12		>1.9	1.9–0.5	<0.5
= 12–20		>2.9	2.9–1.3	<1.3
= 20–40		>5.0	5.0–2.9	<2.9
Specific ion toxicity (affects sensitive crops)
Sodium (Na^+)
Surface irrigation	SA	<3	3–9	>9
Sprinkler irrigation	me/l	<3	>3
Chloride (alpha^−)
Surface irrigation	Me/l	<4	4–10	>10
Sprinkler irrigation	Me/l	<3	>3
Boron (B)	Mg/l	<0.7	0.7–3.0	>3.0
Trace elements
Miscellaneous effects (affects susceptible crops)
Nitrogen (–N)	mg/l	<5	5.0–30	>30
(Overhead sprinkling only) pH	me/l	<1.5	1.5–8.5	>8.5
		Normal range 6.5–8.4
As concentration	μg/l	<10	>50