Nanoparticles Used for Extraction of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons

Table 4

Some PAHs extraction techniques.

Sample matrix	Technique	Advantage	Limitation	Limit of detection	Recovery (%)	Ref
Retention pond water	SPE	Easy automation, analyzed many samples in parallel, requires no human intervention	Adsorption of PAHs on to the wall of extraction vessels, large solvent volume, involves many steps	0.5–5 ng/L	40–95	[31]
Surface water	LLE	Extracts PAHs both dissolved in the water and adsorbed upon any suspended particles in the sample	Use of large volumes of solvents and numerous pieces of laboratory glassware, time-consuming, not easy to automate	0.1–14 ng/L	80–120	[32]
Water	D-µ-SPE	Low cost, solvent minimization, materials used were more convenient in handling	Solvent type, significant effect of extraction and desorption time on the method performance	0.013–0.73 ng/ml	84–110	[24]
Seawater	SPME	Solvent minimization, involved few steps, minimum sample volume, easy preparation	Limited capacity of the fiber, potential contamination of the SPME needle	0.1–0.35 ng/g	75.6–107	[22]
Sea water	SBSE		Further sample preparation, e.g., by pH adjustment, back extraction, and derivatisation required for extraction of certain compounds	0.01–0.04 ng/L	58–70	[25]