New Bioactive Metabolites from the Thermophilic Fungus <i>Penicillium</i> sp. Isolated from Ghamiqa Hot Spring in Saudi Arabia

Orfali, Raha; Perveen, Shagufta

doi:https://doi.org/10.1155/2019/7162948

Journal of Chemistry

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Abstract Introduction Materials and Methods Results and Discussion Conclusions Data Availability Conflicts of Interest Authors’ Contributions Acknowledgments Supplementary Materials References Copyright Related Articles

Research Article | Open Access

Volume 2019 | Article ID 7162948 | https://doi.org/10.1155/2019/7162948

New Bioactive Metabolites from the Thermophilic Fungus Penicillium sp. Isolated from Ghamiqa Hot Spring in Saudi Arabia

Raha Orfali¹and Shagufta Perveen¹

Academic Editor: Artur M. S. Silva

Received14 Mar 2019

Revised12 Jun 2019

Accepted24 Jun 2019

Published06 Aug 2019

Abstract

The thermophilic fungus Penicillium species was isolated from Ghamiqa hot spring sediments in Saudi Arabia. Extract of Penicillium species cultured on solid rice medium yielded two new compounds 3-(furan 12-carboxylic acid)-6-(methoxycarbonyl)-4-hydroxy-4-methyl-4 and 5-dihydro-2H-pyran 1 3α-methyl-7-hydroxy-5-carboxylic acid methyl ester-1-indanone 2. In addition, three known compounds, austinol 3, emodin 4, and 2-methyl-penicinoline 5, were isolated. The structures of the new compounds were unambiguously determined by comprehensive analysis of spectroscopic data, one- and two-dimensional NMR spectroscopy, and high-resolution mass spectrometry. All isolated metabolites were studied for their antibiotic effect against several pathogenic bacteria and for their cytotoxicity against the lymphoma human cancer cell line HTB-176. Austinol 3 exhibited strong antibacterial activity against P. aeruginosa bacterial strain with an MIC value of 0.13 ± 0.4 µg·mL⁻¹, whereas emodin 4 demonstrated significant cytotoxicity against the tested HTB-176 cell line with an IC₅₀ value of 2 ± 7.6 µM, while the other compounds were moderate to inactive with IC₅₀ ranging from 4.3 ± 0.25–22 ± 2.94 µM in this assay.

1. Introduction

Thermophilic fungi are untapped source for novel thermostable enzymes which are essential for biotechnological and industrial applications [1]. These fungi can thrive at temperature more than 50°C as a maximum and above 20°C as a minimum using homeoviscous adaptation technique [2–5]. This unique adaption mechanism allows thermophilic fungi to survive in extreme heated regions, such as deep sea hydrothermal vents, hot springs, and volcanic environments, and facilitates their probability to produce novel and bioactive secondary metabolites [2]. The attention to investigate bioactive components from thermophilic fungi has been recently initiated by limited research groups. Their results showed diversity of secondary metabolites, including polyketides, alkaloids, and peptides, with remarkable cytotoxic and antimicrobial activities [6–10].

The ascomycetous genus Penicillium is one of the most abundant strains in the kingdom fungi. It comprises more than 300 accepted species. It is ubiquity exists in most habitats: terrestrial, marine, and extremophilic regions [11]. Penicillium is known to accumulate numerous new bioactive secondary metabolites since the discovery of penicillin G from P. notatum [12]. Up to date, plenty of bioactive compounds have been reported from Penicillium isolates and still new biologically active secondary metabolites continue to be discovered from this genus indicating its importance as a reservoir for novel bioactive components with great significance to pharmaceutical industries [13].

Under the ongoing search for new bioactive metabolites from extremophilic fungi [14–16], investigations have been conducted on the thermophilic fungus, Penicillium sp., isolated from the sediment of Ghamiqa hot springs located 180 km south of Makkah al-Mukarramah, Saudi Arabia. The temperature of the hot springs reaches from 45 to 65°C. The literature review on secondary metabolites of thermophilic fungi from hot springs regions indicated that isolation, identification, and structural elucidation of bioactive components from thermophilic fungi inhabited in hot springs especially Saudi regions has not been studied extensively. An ethyl acetate (EtOAc) extract of Penicillium sp. cultured on solid rice medium showed significant antimicrobial and moderate cytotoxic activities against selected cell lines. Bioassay-guided fractionation of the extract afforded two new compounds (1-2) together with the previously reported austinol (3) [17], emodin (4) [18], and 2-methyl-penicinoline (5) [19]. Details on the isolation and structure elucidation of compounds 1–5, their biological activities, and statistical analysis are listed herein.

2. Materials and Methods

2.1. General Experimental Procedures

Optical rotations were measured on a JASCO P-2000 Series polarimeter (JASCO Corporation, 2967-5, Tokyo, Japan). The ¹H (500 MHz), ¹³C NMR (125 MHz), and 2D NMR spectra were recorded at 25°C on a Bruker AMX-700 spectrometer with tetramethylsilane (TMS) as an internal standard. Chemical shifts are in ppm (δ), referring to the deuterium solvent peaks at 2.50 (DMSO-d₆) and 39.5 for ¹H and ¹³C, respectively. Mass spectra ESI-MS analyses were measured on an Agilent Triple Quadrupole 6410 QQQ LC/MS mass spectrometer with an ESI ion source (gas temperature is 350°C, nebulizer pressure is 60 psi and gas flow rate is 12 L/min), operating in the negative and positive scan modes of ionization through the direct infusion method using CH₃OH\H₂O (1 : 1 v/v) at a flow rate of 0.2 mL/min. Positive and negative ion HR-ESI-MS spectra were recorded using a LTQ Orbitrap XL mass spectrometer (Thermo Fisher Scientific, Waltham, MA). Solvents were distilled before use, and spectral-grade solvents were used for spectroscopic analysis. HPLC analysis was performed on Prominence Shimadzu LC Solution (Kyoto, Japan), and the system was equipped with a CBM-20A communication bus module, two LC-10AD pumps, a CTO-10AC column oven, and an SPD-10AV diode array detector. A Shim-pack VP-ODS (150 mm × 4.6 mm, 5.0 μm, Shimadzu) analytical column was used and kept at 40°C. The mobile phase consisted of water containing 0.1% trifluoroacetic acid (A) and CH₃OH (B). The flow rate was set at 0.5 mL/min, and the injection volume was 25 μL. The DAD detection was achieved in the range of 254 nm. HPLC separation was performed on a semipreparative HPLC system of Shimadzu LC Solution, Kyoto, Japan (pump L7100, UV detector L7400, column Europhere 100 C₁₈, 300 × 8 mm, Shimadzu) with a flow rate of 5.0 mL/min. Column chromatography included silica gel 60 M (0.04–0.063 mm, Merck KGaA) and Sephadex LH-20 (E. Merck, Darmstadt, Germany). For thin layer chromatography (TLC) analysis, precoated silica gel 60 F₂₅₄ TLC plates (aluminium sheets, Merck, Germany) were used followed by detection under UV 254 nm and 366 nm or by spraying with anisaldehyde reagent.

2.2. Fungal Material

The fungus RO-11 used in this study was isolated from the sediment Ghamiqa hot spring (45–65°C) located 180 km south of Makkah Al-Mukarramah, Saudi Arabia, which was collected in September 2017. The isolation of the fungi has been done according to dilution platting technique as listed previously [20]. After serial dilution, the fungi were cultured on yeast starch agar plates and incubated at optimum temperature 50°C for 10 days.

2.3. Fungal Identification

The fungal strain was identified as Penicillium sp. according to a molecular biological protocol by DNA amplification and sequencing of the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region as described previously [21]. After alignment into GenBank database, the similarities of the target sequences with the most related fungal strain RO-11 yielded the accession number MK028998. A specimen of the strain has been kept in the collection of the author’s laboratory (R. O.).

2.4. Fermentation

The fungal stain was cultivated on solid rice medium, which was prepared by autoclaving (121°C, 20 min) twenty 1 L Erlenmeyer flasks each containing 100 g of rice and 100 mL of water. The fungus, which almost covered the whole surface of yeast agar at 50 ± 2°C, was suspended onto the sterile rice medium under a clean bench. In an attempt to optimize the fermentation conditions, the flasks were statically incubated at 50°C for 10 days.

2.5. Extraction and Isolation

After fermentation, the whole rice broth was extracted repeatedly with equivalent amount of ethyl acetate (EtOAc) affording (4.0 g) brown residue. The resulting extract was then subjected to liquid-liquid partitioning between n-hexane and 90% MeOH fraction. Several subfractions were obtained by fractionation of the methanolic extract using vacuum liquid chromatography (VLC) on silica gel 60 and eluted with a gradient of n-hexane to EtOAc and of dichloromethane to MeoH. Further purification was achieved by using Sephadex LH-20 as stationary phase and methanol (50 : 50 v/v) as mobile phase. Similar fractions were combined with each other according to TLC readings and further purified by semipreparative HPLC using gradient system MeOH-H₂O from 40 : 60 to 70 : 30 in 30 min to afford the five compounds 1 (4.3 mg), 2 (3.6 mg), 3 (2.7 mg), 4 (5.2 mg), and 5 (12.8 mg). Compound 1. White amorphous powder, [α]_D²⁵-5.0 (c 0.15, MeOH); ¹H and ¹³C NMR (500, 125 MHz, in CD₃OD) (see Table 1); HR-ESI-MS: m/z 305.3456 [M + Na]⁺ (calcd for C₁₃H₁₄O₇Na 305.3467). Compound 2. White amorphous powder, [α]_D²⁵-25 (c 0.15, MeOH); ¹H and ¹³C NMR (500, 125 MHz, in DMSO) (see Table 2); HR-ESI-MS: m/z 219.0656 [M-H]⁺, (calcd. 219.1920 for C₁₂H₁₁O₄).

2.6. Antibacterial Assay

All five compounds were tested for their antibacterial activities against different Gram-positive and Gram-negative strains. The Gram-positive strains, Staphylococcus aureus (CP011526.1) and Bacillus licheniformis (KX785171.1), and the Gram-negative strains, Enterobacter xiangfangensis (CP017183.1), Escherichia fergusonii (CU928158.2), and Pseudomonas aeruginosa (NR-117678.1), were inoculated in a nutrient broth for 24 h then spread on Muller Hinton agar plates. Wells were loaded with 10 µL of the tested samples, and the growth of bacteria was noticed using amikacin as positive control. The clear area which had no bacterial growth was measured three times to calculate the zone of inhibition diameter and each time the mean was recorded. The minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC, μg·mL⁻¹) was determined in this study by measuring the lowest concentration of the tested isolated compounds that will inhibit the bacterial growth according to the previously listed method [22].

2.7. Cytotoxicity Assay

Cytotoxicity of all isolated compounds were measured against HTB-176 human lymphoma cell line and assayed by the microculture tetrazolium (MTT) assay and compared with the untreated controls, according to the method as described before [23]. The 0.1% EGMME-DMSO medium was used as negative control. The inhibition of cell growth was calculated in terms of IC₅₀ value using Kahalalide F as positive control.

2.8. Statistical Analysis

Data analysis was expressed as mean ± standard deviation (SD) of three replicates. Where applicable, the data were subjected to one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA). Based on Microsoft Excel 2010 and Origin 2019 statistical package analyses, the significant differences were considered statistically significant values < 0.05.

3. Results and Discussion

The ethyl acetate extract of the thermophilic fungus Penicillium sp. RO-11 was obtained from the hot spring sediment after cultivation on yeast-starch agar medium under different temperatures (15–65°C). The radial growth of the fungus on the plate was measured for 10 days. The optimum growth of Penicillium sp. RO-11 was detected in the range of 45–65°C. Accordingly, the fungus was cultured on large-scale solid rice medium at 50°C. The fungal extract was partitioned between n-hexane and 90% aqueous methanol. The resulting methanol phase was fractionated and separated using a series of different chromatographic techniques to yield two new compounds 1 and 2 along with three known compounds including austinol 3, emodin 4, and 2-methyl-penicinoline 5 (Figure 1).

Compound 1 was obtained as a yellow amorphous powder. The HRESIMS exhibited a prominent peak at m/z 305.3456 [M + Na]⁺, consistent with the molecular formula C₁₃H₁₄O₇. It showed UV absorption maxima at λ_max 215, 225, 235, and 275 nm. The IR spectrum showed the absorption band at 3300–3260 (OH), 2850–2930 (aromatic system), and 1705–1735 (ester and acid carbonyls) cm⁻¹. The carbon NMR spectral data of compound 1 showed thirteen carbon signals that were assigned to one methyl (δ_C 25.3), one methylene (δ_C 36.6), one methoxy (δ_C 51.8), three olefinic methines (δ_C 101.0, 101.1 and 141.9), one oxygenated methine (δ_C 72.6), one carbinol carbon (δ_C 76.8), four oxygenated sp² carbons (δ_C 137.4, 165.2, 168.6, and 169.4), and one quaternary sp² carbon (109.9). Its proton NMR spectrum displayed the signals of two doublets for the 2, 5-di-substituted heterocyclic ring at δ_H 6.21 and 6.34 (each d, J = 2.1 Hz) and a singlet of an olefinic proton at δ_H 7.04. It further showed the signal of one methylene proton at 2.39 (d, J = 13.5 Hz) and 2.52 (dd, J = 2.5, 13.5 Hz) and one methine proton signal at δ_H 4.84 (overlapped with NMR solvent signal). Both of these CH₂ and CH protons showed strong ¹H-¹HCOSY correlations which confirm its adjacent positions. Two carbonyl carbons that appeared at δ_C 168.6 and δ_C 169.4 were in good agreement with values reported for either carboxylic acid or ester moieties. Based on proton and carbon spectral results, it could be said that compound 1 consists of furan and dihydropyran ring skeleton along with two carbonyl moieties [24]. The proton at δ_H 7.04 showed strong ³J HMBC correlations with C-9 (δ_C 137.4), CH-6 (δ_C 72.6), and C-4 (δ_C 76.8) and ²J correlations with C-3 (δ_C 109.9). It further showed weak ⁴J correlations with CH₂-5 (δ_C 36.6). The methylene protons δ_H 2.39, 2.52 showed ³J HMBC correlations with CH₃-8 (25.3), C-3 (δ_C 109.9), and C-7 (δ_C 169.4) and ²J correlations with CH-6 (δ_C 72.6) and C-4 (δ_C 76.8). H-10 proton at δ_H 6.34 of the furan ring showed strong HMBC ³J correlations with the C-3 (δ_C 109.9) carbon of the dihydropyran ring. These correlation data established the C-3/C-9 connectivity between the furan and dihydropyran ring. The HMBC cross peaks from oxymethine proton (δ_H 4.84) and methylene protons (δ_H 2.39, 2.52) to carbonyl carbon at δ_C 169.4 suggested the presence of ester moiety at C-6 position; while methoxy protons (δ_H 3.84) showed strong ³J HMBC correlations with C-7. Furthermore, the strong HMBC cross peaks from CH₃ protons (δ_H 1.65) to C-3 (δ_C 109.9), C-4 (δ_C 76.8), and C-5 (δ_C 36.6) confirmed the position of methyl group at C-4 position. The downfield chemical shifts of methyl group (δ_H 1.65, δ_C 25.3) suggested the presence of hydroxyl moiety at the same position C-4. The furan ring protons (δ_H 6.21, 6.34) showed long-range HMBC correlations with C-3, C-9, C-12, and C-13 which confirmed the carbon’s connectivity from C-3 to C-13. The observed ROESY correlations of protons H-6, H-5, and H₃-8 indicated that these protons are cofacial [25, 26]. The absolute configuration of 1 was not determined since the quantity of the compound was not sufficient to obtain Mosher esters. Taken all together, the structure of compound 1 was established as 3-(furan 12-carboxylic acid)-6-(methoxycarbonyl)-4-hydroxy-4-methyl-4, 5-dihydro-2H-pyran (Figure 1), and it fulfilled the molecular formula C₁₃H₁₄O₇ with seven degrees of hydrogen deficiency.

Compound 2 obtained as white amorphous solid was determined to have the molecular formula C₁₂H₁₂O₄ by a combination of HRESIMS, ¹³C, and 2D NMR data and indicated seven degrees of unsaturation. Its IR spectrum showed absorption bands at 3428, 3050, 1642, and 1605 cm⁻¹. The proton and carbon NMR data (Table 2) suggested the presence of a chelated hydroxyl group [δ_H 11.1 (s)], two meta-coupled aromatic protons [δ_H 6.91 (d, J = 2.0 Hz), 6.83 (d, J = 2.0 Hz); δ_C 103.3, 104.0], a secondary methyl group [δ_H 1.35 (d, J = 7.0 Hz); δ_C 21.0], one methylene group [δ_H 2.22 (d, J = 19.0 Hz) 2.93 (dd, J = 19.0, 6.5 Hz); δ_C 42.8], one methine group [δ_H 3.52 (dd, J = 6.5, 7.0 Hz); δ_C 28.3], one methoxy group [δ_H 3.95 (s); δ_C 56.8], and a carbonyl carbon (δ_C 196.2). The CH₃ proton (δ_H 1.35) showed strong ³J HMBC correlations with C-4a (δ_C 145.1) and C-2 (δ_C 42.8) and ²J correlations with C-3 (δ_C 28.3). The proton and carbon NMR data with the help of HSQC and HMBC correlations confirmed that 2 contained a 1-indanone skeleton [27] along with methyl, hydroxy, and methyl ester moieties attached to C-3, C-7, and C-5, respectively. Comparison of the NMR data of 2 with synthesized compound 5, 7-dimethoxy-3-methyl-1-indanone [28] revealed that the structures of both compounds are nearly identical, except for the presence of an ester group and hydroxyl moiety in 2 instead of two-methoxy group in the known synthesized compound. The location of the methyl ester moiety at position 5 was established by HMBC correlations of aromatic protons (δ_H 6.91, 6.83) with C-9 (δ_C 166.9). In addition, the HMBC correlation of methoxy group (δ_H 3.95) to carbonyl carbon (δ_C 166.9) suggested the formation of a methyl methanoate moiety. The aromatic proton at δ_H 6.91 showed strong ³J correlations with C-3 (δ_C 28.3), C-6 (δ_C 104.0), and C-7a (δ_C 148.0), and C-9 (δ_C 166.9) suggested its position at C-4 which further confirmed the presence of hydroxyl group at C-7 (δ_C 164.2) not at C-4. The same chemical shifts and coupling constant values of CH₂-2 and CH-3 of 2 with previously synthesized compound (5-methoxy-3-methyl-2, 3-dihydro-1H-inden-1-one) [29] were suggested alpha position of 8-CH₃ group at C-3. On the basis of these evidences, the structure of compound 2 was established as 3α-methyl-7-hydroxy-5-carboxylic acid methyl ester-1-indanone. To our knowledge and current search of databases, the NMR data of compound 2 has not been described previously in the literature. It is worthy to mention that this is the third report of the isolation of indanone derivative from nature. It was described previously only from the marine fungus Phomopsis sp. [30] and the endophytic one Asperigullis flavipes [31].

All isolated compounds 1–5 were assayed for their antimicrobial activities against five pathogenic Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacterial strains Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus licheniformis, Enterobacter xiangfangensis, Escherichia fergusonii, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. The results were analyzed using the analysis of variance (ANOVA); the single-factor statistical tool indicated that there was a significant difference in the sensitivity of the tested microorganisms to the isolated compounds. The MICs ranged from 0.13 ± 0.4 to 12.5 ± 14.2 µg·mL⁻¹ (Table 3 and Figure 2). Compound 3 is by far the most active component exhibiting MIC of 0.13 ± 0.4, 1.4 ± 2.4, and 2.5 ± 1.7 µg·mL⁻¹ against P. aeruginosa, S. aureus, and E. fergusonii, respectively. These results are in agreement with earlier findings on the same compound derived from a Mangrove fungus [32].

Compounds 1 and 2 showed potent activity against the G-ve bacteria P. aeruginosa and E. fergusonii by MIC of 5.7 ± 5.9 and 6.3 ± 7.8 µg·mL⁻¹ for compound 2, respectively, and 7.4 ± 2.4 and 9.3 ± 10.2 µg·mL⁻¹ for compound 1, respectively. Emodin, compound 4, inhibits the growth of only P. aeruginosa by MIC of 12.5 ± 14.2 µg·mL⁻¹.

The mean difference between the MIC values of the isolated compounds against all tested pathogens was statistically significant (). The mean MIC of compound 5 (29.85 ± 31.07 µg·mL⁻¹) was significantly higher than that of compound 3 (9.30 ± 11.08 µg·mL⁻¹). Compound 5 was the least active extract and compound 3 the most potent extract (Figure 3).

In addition, compounds 1–5 were evaluated for their cytotoxicity toward HTB-176 human lymphoma cells using MTT assay. Compound 4 displayed the most potent cytotoxicity against the tested cell line, with an IC₅₀ of 2 ± 7.6 µM, followed by compound 3 with an IC₅₀ of 10 ± 3.92 µM and compound 2 with an IC₅₀ of 22 ± 2.94 µM (Figure 4). Compounds 1 and 5 were inactive in this bioassay (Table 3).

4. Conclusions

In conclusion, two new compounds were isolated from the thermophilic fungus Penicillium sp. RO-11. One of them is indanone derivative 2 which is unusual naturally occurring metabolite. Further three known compounds have been isolated and evaluated for their antibacterial and cytotoxicity effects. Compound 3 demonstrated significant antibacterial activity against P. aeruginosa, while compounds 2 and 1 exhibited moderate activities against the same bacterial strain. Compound 4 possesses potent anticancer property against human lymphoma HTB-176 cell line. The results presented here suggest that thermophilic fungi from extremely hot sources are a rich source of unique components that could have implication for development of drug candidates in the future.

Data Availability

The data used to support this study are available from the corresponding author.

Conflicts of Interest

The authors declare no conflicts of interest.

Authors’ Contributions

R. O. conceived, designed, and performed the experiments; S. P. analyzed the data and wrote the paper.

Acknowledgments

This research project was supported by a grant from the “Research Center of the Female Scientific and Medical Colleges”, Deanship of Scientific Research, King Saud University.

Supplementary Materials

Figure S1. 1H NMR spectra of compound 1. Figure S2. 13C NMR spectra of compound 1. Figure S3. DEPT-135 NMR spectra of compound 1. Figure S4. HMBC spectra of compound 1. Figure S5. HSQC spectra of compound 1. Figure S6. ESI mass spectra of compound 1. Figure S7. ESI mass spectra of compound 1. Figure S8. ESI mass spectra of compound 1. Figure S9. 1H NMR spectra of compound 2. Figure S10. 13C NMR spectra of compound 2. Figure S11. DEPT-135 NMR spectra of compound 2. Figure S12. HMBC spectra of compound 2. Figure S13. HSQC spectra of compound 2. Figure S14. ESI mass spectra of compound 2. (Supplementary Materials)

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Copyright © 2019 Raha Orfali and Shagufta Perveen. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

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