Recent Development of Optimization of Lyophilization Process

Figure 3

(a) Heat and mass transfer model for lyophilization. (b) Categorization of vials on the shelf. Group 1: vials are placed in the central part of the shelf; Groups 2 and 3: vials are placed in the second and the first rows on each side of the shelf, respectively. This categorization is based on the literature [27]. Distribution of sublimed amount of ice from the vials on the shelf. (c) 1,008 vials, (d) 6,000 vials. Data were redrawn based on [55].

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