Chemical Constituents, Antioxidant Activities, and Element Concentrations of Rusa Deer Velvet Antler Extracts

Table 1

Color, texture, percentage yields, testosterone concentrations, antioxidant activities, and essential and toxic element concentrations of velvet antler extracts.

Parameters	Hexane extract (HE)	75% ethanol extract (EE)	Water extract (WE)
Color	Pale yellow	Yellow	Brown
Texture	Semisolid	Solid	Solid
Yield (%)	1.03	0.68	5.20
Testosterone concentration (μg/g)	6.37 ± 0.01^a	7.46 ± 0.03^b	ND
Antioxidant activities
DPPH IC50 (mg/mL)	>15.01 ± 0.01^c	3.48 ± 0.24^a	6.99 ± 0.64^b
FRAP reducing power values (mg AAE/g extract)	NA	1.52 ± 0.25^b	0.72 ± 0.03^a
Essential element concentration (mg/kg)
Cu	0.210 ± 0.035	3.111 ± 0.034	2.735 ± 0.073
Co	0.010 ± 0.002	319.340 ± 0.008	0.028 ± 0.015
Mg	24.700 ± 10.711	0.031 ± 0.059	338.068 ± 15.862
Toxic element concentration (mg/kg)
As	0.150 ± 0.080	0.390 ± 0.042	0.375 ± 0.012
Cd	0.010 ± 0.001	0.145 ± 0.005	0.014 ± 0.010
Hg	ND	ND	0.004 ± 0.010
Pb	0.070 ± 0.035	1.485 ± 0.032	0.273 ± 0.072

Each value is represented as mean ± SD (n = 3). Extraction yield is expressed as % (g extract/100 g dry velvet antler). Testosterone concentration is calculated as μg/g dry velvet antler. IC₅₀: the inhibitory concentration of the extract needed to inhibit 50% of the DPPH radicals; reducing property: milligram of ascorbic acid equivalent per gram of an extract (mg AAE/g extract); NA: no activity at the tested concentration; ND: not determined. ^a,b,cValues in the same row with different superscript letters differ significantly ().