A Comprehensive Review on Thermal Coconversion of Biomass, Sludge, Coal, and Their Blends Using Thermogravimetric Analysis

Table 5

Thermal coconversion of different samples by using copyrolysis and cocombustion techniques.

Year	Sample	Sample ratio (%)	Reactor type	Experimental conditions				Product	Observations	Ref.
				Temperature	Residence time	Heating rate	Feed
2017	Sewage sludge + lignocellulosic biomass	SS : B; 20 : 80; 40 : 60; 60 : 40; 80 : 20	Moving bed reactor	25–1200°C	30 min	—	200 kg/h	Syngas (H2 + CO)	H2 content increased from 33% to 47% in blending of 60%SS + 40%biomass	[124]
2017	Coal + lignocellulosic biomass	Coal : B; 100 : 0; 50 : 50	Tubular furnace	25–900°C	40 min	10°C/min	25 g	Ash	Ash properties were performed for leaching test	[57]
2016	Rice husk + plastic waste	RH : PW; 20 : 80; 30 : 70; 40 : 60; 50 : 50	Batch reactor	25–800°C	35 min	5-6°C/min	—	Bio-oil	Around 66% of liquid compounds can be obtained by copyrolysis of 20% of RH blended with plastic waste.; More than 20% RH is not favored for liquid oil production	[125]
2016	Coal + lignocellulosic biomass	Coal : B; 0:100; 25 : 75; 50 : 50; 75 : 25; 100 : 0	Moving bed pyrolyzer	500–850°C	2 h	—	200 g/h	Gases and tar	Tar and gas yields showed an incremental trend with the increase in biomass ratio	[99]
2015	Sewage sludge + rice husk	SS : RH; 50 : 50	Vacuum fixed bed reactor	900°C	2 h	10°C/min	10 g	Gas products	Higher amount of SS promoted CO2-C and H2O-C gasification reactions	[126]
2015	Bituminous coal + rice husk	B : coal; 0:100; 20 : 80; 40 : 60; 80 : 40; 100 : 0	Fixed bed reactor	Up to 900°C	15 min	10–30°C/min	—	Biofuels	Experimental and calculated value observed differently for blended samples	[127]
2015	Sugarcane bagasse + sewage sludge	SS : SB; 50 : 50; 25 : 75	Pyrolyzer	25–600°C	—	10°C/min	10 mg	Biofuels	Cocombustion process showed lower activation energy	[128]
2014	Sewage sludge + lignocellulosic biomass	SS : B; 0:100; 30 : 70; 50 : 50; 70 : 30; 100 : 0	TG-MS	40–800°C	—	10°C/min	10 mg	Gas products	CO2, SO2, NH3, HCN, and NO were mainly gaseous species produced at temperature of 523–873°K	[60]
2013	Sewage sludge + rice husk	SS : RH; 0:100; 10 : 90; 20 : 80; 30 : 70; 50 : 50; 70 : 30; 100 : 0	Fixed bed reactor	25–900°C	1-2 s	10°C/min	2 g	Bio-oil, biogas	Without external heat source, copyrolysis could be the technology to dispose excessive sludge	[129]
2013	Sewage sludge + biomass	SS : B; 0:100; 100 : 0; 90 : 10; 80 : 20; 70 : 30; 60 : 40	Fixed bed tubular reactor	25–800°C	—	40°C/min	10 mg	Bio-oil, biogas	Presence of petroleum sludge promotes NH3 and HCN formation with biomass coconversion	[130]
2012	Biomass + waste materials	B : WM; 30 : 70; 50 : 50	Autoclave	450°C	15 min	5°C/min	—	Bio-oil, char, gases	A recovery of 63–81% of the pyrolysis oils was observed	[94]
2011	Sewage sludge + rice husk	SS : RH; 70 : 30; 50 : 50; 30 : 70	Fluidized bed reactor	500–650°C	2 s	30°C/min	—	Bio-oil	Combination of feedstock helps in maximizing the volume of feedstock for energy conversion via pyrolysis	[131]