Synthesis, Characterization, and Antibacterial Evaluation of Heteroleptic Oxytetracycline-Salicylaldehyde Complexes

Dev, Rohit Kumar; Mishra, Parashuram; Kumar Chaudhary, Narendra; Bhattarai, Ajaya

doi:https://doi.org/10.1155/2020/7961345

Journal of Chemistry

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Abstract Introduction Experimental Results and Discussion Conclusions Data Availability Conflicts of Interest Acknowledgments Supplementary Materials References Copyright Related Articles

Research Article | Open Access

Volume 2020 | Article ID 7961345 | https://doi.org/10.1155/2020/7961345

Synthesis, Characterization, and Antibacterial Evaluation of Heteroleptic Oxytetracycline-Salicylaldehyde Complexes

Rohit Kumar Dev,¹Parashuram Mishra,¹Narendra Kumar Chaudhary,^1,2and Ajaya Bhattarai²

Academic Editor: Nenad Ignjatović

Received07 Apr 2020

Revised09 Jun 2020

Accepted03 Jul 2020

Published30 Jul 2020

Abstract

A new series of mixed ligand complexes of Cd(II) and Mo(V) were successfully synthesized by refluxing the mixture solution of oxytetracycline hydrochloride (OTC.HCl) with an aqueous and alcoholic solution of metal (M = Cd(II) and Mo(V)) salts and an alcoholic solution of salicylaldehyde (Sal). The complexes were characterized by modern analytical and spectral methods such as elemental microanalysis, pH, conductivity, surface tension, viscosity, melting point, and spectral methods such as FT-IR, NMR, electronic absorption, SEM, and mass spectrometry. Conductivity measurements of the complexes revealed their electrolytic nature. The kinetic and thermal stabilities were investigated using thermogravimetric and differential thermal analysis techniques. Thermodynamic and kinetic parameters such as , , , and were calculated from TG curves using the Coats–Redfern method. Geometry optimization of the proposed structure of the complexes was achieved by running MM2 calculations in a Gaussian-supported CS ChemOffice 3D Pro.12.0 version software. The final optimized geometrical energies for respective Cd-OTC/Sal and Mo-OTC/Sal complexes were found to be 923.1740 and 899.3184 kcal/mol. The electronic absorption spectral study revealed a tetrahedral geometry for the Cd-OTC/Sal complex and octahedral geometry for the Mo-OTC/Sal complex. The antibacterial sensitivity of the complexes was evaluated against three bacterial pathogens such as S. aureus, E. coli, and P. mirabilis using the modified Kirby–Bauer paper disc diffusion method. The antibacterial study revealed significant growth inhibitory action of the complexes.

1. Introduction

The current interest in the improvement of the functionality and applicability of metal complexes has become an important part of coordination chemistry research [1, 2]. Coordination compounds containing metals bound in the mesh of ligands have a variety of biological functions because many of them are used in the treatment of diseases in medical science [3]. Besides their biological functions, they are also used in chemical sciences as catalysts [4], reaction templates, and reaction activators [5]. The chief process for the fabrication of metal complexes is redox chemistry, where the metals provide a vacant orbital to the ligand for chelation. The ligand functions as an electron donor and behaves as a Lewis base. The formation of the complex is therefore a simple Lewis acid-base reaction [6]. We have focused our research intended to address the antibacterial significance of the metal complexes of the oxytetracycline-salicylaldehyde mixed ligand. Recently, antibiotic discovery has become a critical issue in pharmaceutical science due to the increased risk of drug resistance [7, 8]. Medical science has established antibiotic therapy for the treatment of bacterial pathogens, and antibiotics are now considered one of the core drugs of modern medicine. Over the past few decades, these drugs have been losing their foundation in fighting bacteria. The bacterial strains are changing genomic characters by mutation process, and they are no longer affected by used antibiotics that once suppress their growth and activity [9]. Several natural antibiotics have lost their activity, and we need to synthesize laboratory-based antibiotics to overcome the antibiotic resistance crisis. Therefore, it can be considered a better option to control disease outbreaks by metal-based drugs in an effective way [10, 11]. In this research study, the ligands used for heteroleptic complex formation are oxytetracycline and salicylaldehyde.

Oxytetracycline is a broad-spectrum antibiotic of the class tetracycline that performs antibiotic functions by inhibiting protein synthesis in bacteria. It was first isolated from the soil bacteria Streptomyces rimosus in 1948, patented in 1949, and came into commercial use in 1950 [12]. It stands parallel in properties to tetracycline, which is commonly used as a veterinary antibiotic. In humans, it is used to treat eye infection trachoma, genital infection, urethritis, chest infection, psittacosis, and pneumonia. As a veterinary medicine, oxytetracycline is used for the treatment of infections in animal husbandry and fish farming [13, 14], in agriculture as a pesticide, and as a dietary supplement for livestock [15]. In the past few decades, its use as an antibiotic has become less common due to increased antibacterial resistance among targeted pathogens. Structurally, oxytetracycline (Figure 1) has a naphthacene ring skeleton similar to tetracycline, with many chromophoric groups responsible for metal attachment in complex formation. It is a type II bacterial aromatic polyketide containing one aromatic ring. There is a structural difference between tetracycline and the presence of a substituent group -OH at the C5 of ring B [16]. This makes a vast difference in the physiological and biological profiles of the compounds. In a survey of its toxic profile, oxytetracycline can complex with Ca and Mg in vivo in the human body and cause severe physiological defects [17, 18]. Besides the in vivo physiological defects, it can also eliminate toxic heavy metals from the human body by complex formation processes. Almost 50–80% oxytetracycline undergoes excretion in its in vivo use in humans and animals because of its poorly absorbing nature. Therefore, the metal interaction chemistry of oxytetracycline can be considered an important part of research to standardize its physical and biological profiles.

(a)

(b)

For the continuation of our ongoing antibiotic research, this work focused on the synthesis of heteroleptic complexes using oxytetracycline and salicylaldehyde along with metal salts. The complexation behavior was investigated by physicochemical studies such as melting point, conductivity, pH, surface tension, viscosity, and density measurements. Their structural characterization was further investigated by spectroscopic studies such as electronic absorption, FT-IR, NMR, and ESI-MS. The surface morphology by SEM study and thermal stability by TGA/DTA study were performed to parameterize the complexes. The complexes were screened for their in vitro antibacterial susceptibility tests with three clinical pathogens to show their biological significance.

2. Experimental

2.1. Materials and Reagents

All chemicals and reagents which were used in the research were of analytical reagent grade (AR) with the highest purity. The chemicals were purchased from various chemical agencies and included oxytetracycline hydrochloride (TCI), salicylaldehyde (Loba Chemie Pvt., Ltd.), CdCl₂.H₂O (Loba Chemie Pvt., Ltd.), molybdenum (V) chloride (Sigma-Aldrich), and MHA (Himedia). Distilled ethanol was used for the synthesis. The glassware used in the research was a high-grade borosilicate type to provide overall performance and extreme precision. Double-distilled water was used to wash the equipment.

2.2. Instrumentation

The C, H, and N contents of the complexes were recorded using a Euro-E 3000 microanalyzer. Conductivity measurements were done at 25°C in DMSO solvent using an auto-ranging/TDS meter TCM 15+ digital conductivity meter. The VEEGO ASD-10013 programable apparatus was used to record the melting point of the complex. At 25°C ± 0.1°C, the pH measurement was calculated using a digital pH meter AN ISO 9001: 2008 certified company instrument. Using the ring detachment technique, surface tension was measured using the help of Kruss K20S Easy Dyne Force Tensiometer. A PerkinElmer Spectrum II instrument was used to record the FT-IR spectra using KBr pellets in the wavenumber between 400 and 4000 cm⁻¹. At room temperature, NMR spectra were recorded from Bruker AvII-400 MHz spectrometer using the solvent DMSO-d₆ and TMS (tetramethylsilane) as the reference standard. UV/Vis spectral bands at 10⁻³ M concentration in DMSO were calculated using an instrument called Varian Cary 5000 in the range of 200 to 1000 nm. ESI-MS spectrometry technique is applied to record the mass spectra by using a water UPLC-TQD mass spectrometer. A PerkinElmer Diamond TG/DTA instrument was used to evaluate the thermal and kinetic properties of the complexes at room temperature to 1000°C under a nitrogen atmosphere with a linear heating rate of 10°C/min. A JEOL JSM-6390LV scanning electron microscope instrument was used to detect the surface morphology. The geometry optimization of the complexes was done with the help of 3D modeling via Chem3D Pro.12.0 software.

2.3. Synthesis of Complexes

The metal complexes Cd-OTC/Sal and Mo-OTC/Sal were prepared by heating the mixture solution of 20 ml oxytetracycline hydrochloride (0.9941 g, 2 mmol) in ethanol with 10 ml aqueous solution of CdCl₂.H₂O (0.4029 g, 2 mmol) /10 ml alcoholic solution of MoCl₅ (0.5469 g, 2 mmol). To this solution, 0.2 ml of salicylaldehyde (2 mmol) was added and refluxed for 8 h. Ammonia solution was added dropwise to maintain a pH of 7. Under these conditions, precipitation of the complexes was formed and filtered, then washed with ethanol, and finally dried under vacuum desiccators over anhydrous CaCl₂. The precipitate was then kept in an airtight vial for further use. The synthetic route for the metal complexes is shown in Scheme 1.

Cd-OTC/Sal: yield (75%). Color: gray, M.pt.>260°C, anal. C₂₉H₂₈CdN₂O₁₁ (692.95): calcd. C 50.26, H 4.07, N 4.04, O 25.40; Cd 16.22; found C 50.20, H 4.26, N 4.36, O 25.33, Cd 16.22. IR (KBr pellet, selected bands): ῡ_max = 3432 (b, O-H/N-H str.), 1599 (s, C=O str.), 1501 (aromatic, C=C str.), 1452 (C-N), 1178 (C-O), 595 (M-O), 503 (M-N). UV/Vis: λ_max = 267, 322, 375 nm. ESI-MS, positive: m/z = 693 [M + H]⁺. Conductivity: Λ_M = 23.33 (μS/cm), pH = 7.42, density = 0.954 (gm/ml), surface tension = 61.80 (mN/m), viscosity = 20.74 (cp).

Mo-OTC/Sal: yield (65%). Color: brown, M.pt.>260°C, anal. C₂₉H₂₇Cl₂MoN₂O₁₁ (747.41): calcd. C 46.60, H 3.78, N 3.75, O 23.55, Cl 9.49, Mo 12.84; found C 46.59, H 3.77, N 3.74, O 23.54, Cl 9.48, Mo 12.83. IR (KBr pellet, selected bands): ῡ_max = 3437 (b, O-H/N-H str.), 1628 (s, C=O str.), 1546 (aromatic, C=C str.), 1456 (C-N), 1164 (C-O), 517 (M-O), 463 (M-N). UV/Vis: λ_max = 264, 318 nm. ESI-MS, positive: m/z = 747.41 [M + H]⁺. Conductivity: Λ_M = 243.40 (μS/cm), pH = 4.84, density = 0.976 (gm/ml), surface tension = 60.50 (mN/m), viscosity = 21.03 (cp).

2.4. Antibacterial Assessment

The synthesized metal complexes were tested for their in vitro antimicrobial assessment which was done at the Microbiology Laboratory of MMAM Campus, Tribhuvan University, Biratnagar. The tests were performed by modified Kirby–Bauer paper disc diffusion on three pathogens: S.aureus (Gram-positive) and E. coli and P mirabilis (Gram-negative). The culture of bacteria was revived by inoculating the organism in freshly prepared nutrient agar and kept in an incubator at 37°C for a few hours for complete growth. For the tests, test solutions were prepared by dissolving the synthesized complexes in 30% DMSO at three different concentrations (50, 25, and 12.5 μg/μL) and blank paper discs of 5 mm diameter size with Whatman No. 1 filter paper cut by a punching machine and sterilized in an autoclave. The MHA media was prepared in an autoclave and solidified on Petri discs under UV laminar flow to decrease bacterial contamination. The fresh revived bacterial culture was spread on the solidified MHA media, and blank sterilized discs were also seeded and loaded with 10 μL test compounds under UV laminar flow to decrease their bacterial contamination. One blank disc soaked with DMSO acted as a solvent control while another amikacin (30 μg/disc) acted as a positive control to compare the effectiveness of the tested compounds. After performing all these tasks, the loaded Petri plates were placed in an incubator for up to 24 h at 37°C to note the diameter of the zone of inhibition measured by the help of the antibiogram zone measuring scale [19, 20].

3. Results and Discussion

3.1. Physical Characterization

In the present study, the structure of metal complexes was characterized by various physicochemical and spectroscopic techniques. At room temperature, the complexes are colored solid, moisture-free, and air-stable and have greater melting points. All the complexes were soluble in DMSO and DMF, but insoluble in water. The complexes were stored in an airtight vial and kept in vacuum desiccators under anhydrous CaCl₂. The change in the color of the ligand up to complex formation is the result of the complexation of the ligand with metal ions, which is further supported by pH, conductivity, surface tension, density, viscosity, and melting point. The TGA/DTA and electronic absorption denote better results of the calculated value and conclude a better relationship with the proposed structure.

3.2. Spectroscopic Characterization

3.2.1. FT-IR Spectral Study

Characteristic IR bands for the metal complexes and their assignments are presented in Figures 2 and S1. The FT-IR spectra of the Cd-OTC/Sal and Mo-OTC/Sal metal complexes showed characteristic bands at 3432 cm⁻¹and 3437 cm⁻¹, which may be assigned to the υ(OH/NH) stretching vibration [21, 22]. Similarly, the –CH₃ stretching vibrations appeared at 2924 cm⁻¹ and 2928 cm⁻¹ region [23, 24]. The strong intensity bands at 1599 cm⁻¹ and 1628 cm⁻¹ are due to the carbonyl (C=O) group band, which partially overlaps the N-H band appearing as a small doublet [25, 26]. A band corresponding to the υ(C-N) stretch appeared at 1452 cm⁻¹ and 1456 cm⁻¹ and was displaced by coordination with the metallic center. Such behavior of a band was also found in the literature [27]. At a lower frequency level, the metal complexes show bands at 595 cm⁻¹ & 517 cm⁻¹ and 503 cm⁻¹ & 463 cm⁻¹, which may be due to the υ(M-O) and υ(M-N) coordination modes, respectively [28, 29].

3.2.2. ¹H-NMR Spectral Study

For further confirmation of the binding mode of metal ions in the complexes, the ¹H-NMR spectrum in DMSO-d₆ solvent was carried out at room temperature using TMS (tetramethylsilane) as a reference standard. The chemical shifts (δ) are measured in ppm units present in the downfield from TMS [30, 31]. The ¹H-NMR spectra of the metal complexes are presented in Figures S2 and S3, and the spectral data are presented in Table S1. The Cd-OTC/Sal showed spectral peaks at 6.889–7.355 ppm, attributed to aromatic protons. These aromatic protons are slightly moved up-field and support their coordination of ligands with metal ions [32]. The peaks in the region of 4.284–4.397 ppm suggest the peak for the -NH group [33]. A singlet peak at 1.670 ppm in the spectra of the metal complex was assigned to the methyl protons. Similarly, the peaks at 2.370–2.553 ppm are assigned to methylene protons [31]. The Mo-OTC/Sal complex shows a multiplet peak at 7.186–7.205 ppm, assignable to aromatic protons [34]. The peak at 1.047–1.082 ppm is due to a methyl group and a singlet peak at 2.551 ppm is assigned to methylene protons [35]. Each hydrogen of the aromatic ring observed one distinct peak at 4.414 ppm [36]. Hence, the values in the peaks show good agreement with the proposed structure of the metal complexes.

3.2.3. Mass Spectral Study

The ESI mass spectrometry is an instrumental technique for determining the molecular mass of compounds. It helps to determine the composition and purity of the compounds. The mass spectrum provides information about the stoichiometric compositions of the compounds. In our study, the mass spectral peaks at m/z 693 and 747.41 amu for the respective Cd-OTC/Sal and Mo-OTC/Sal complexes are assigned to the molecular ion peak [M+H]^.+, and their corresponding base peaks are at m/z = 461 and m/z = 616, which signify the proposed molecular formula of the complex [37, 38]. Besides the molecular ion peak, there are additional peaks called fragment peaks formed by fragmentation of molecular ion peaks and lie in the region at m/z 690, 620, 543, 483, 385, and 300 in the Cd-OTC/Sal complex, and at m/z 743, 728, 723, 709, 674, 640, 537, 473, and 450, respectively, in the Mo-OTC/Sal complex. The ESI-MS spectra are presented in Figures 3 and S4.

3.2.4. Electronic Absorption Spectral Study

The important electronic absorption spectral bands for metal complexes were recorded in the 250–800 nm ranges of wavelength at room temperature in DMSO solvents taking the same solvents as the blank [30]. Electronic absorption spectroscopy is an analytical instrumental tool for determining the characterization and identification of binding modes for compounds. The metal complex of Cd-OTC/Sal shows peaks at 267, 322, and 375 may be due to π ⟶ , n ⟶ transitions. The electronic configuration of the Cd(II) metal complex was d¹⁰, which signifies the absence of any d-d electronic transition and the bands attributed to the CT (charge transition), compatible with tetrahedral geometry; hence, their absorption band spectra contain red and blue shifts with hyperchromic effect ions [21, 38]. In the same way, the metal complexes of Mo-OTC/Sal showed peaks at 264 and 318 nm, signifying the π ⟶ and n ⟶ transitions due to the –C=N- and –C=O- groups in the ligand. Band ∼318 is denoted as the characteristic band of the ligand. Since the complex is diamagnetic and has an octahedral geometry, it is assigned as a ligand-metal charge transfer existing from the HOMO of phenolic oxygen to the LUMO of the molybdenum [39, 40]. All these bands are presented and assigned in Figure S5.

3.3. Thermal Study

TGA/DTA studies are used to determine the composition of materials and also to predict the thermal and kinetic stability of compounds. This analysis was done in the temperature range of 40°C to 860°C under a nitrogen atmosphere at a linear heating rate of 10°C/min. TGA/DTA is also an analytical instrumental technique that determines weight loss or gains due to various processes such as absorption, adsorption, sorption, or desorption of volatile components, decomposition, oxidation, and reduction reactions. The TGA curves help the scientist for profile structural information for new compounds having a coordination sphere. The initial decomposition steps in complexes are an endothermic process that denotes the loss of water molecules [41, 42].

The thermogram of the Cd-OTC/Sal metal complex showed decomposition at two steps between the temperature range of 362.05°C–680.76°C. The weight loss of 28.01% (−0.837 mg) occurred in the first decomposition step in the temperature range of 362.05°C–448.12°C. The second decomposition takes place with a weight loss of 9.58% (−0.232 mg) within the temperature range of 611.13–680.76°C. The last step of decomposition explains the complete loss of the ligand from the complex, leaving behind metal oxide (CdO) as the end product. In the same way, the thermogram of the Mo-OTC/Sal showed decomposition in three steps between the temperature range of 374.30°C–508.22°C. The weight loss of 13.022% (−0.742 mg) takes place in the first stage of decomposition at a temperature range of 374.30–397.33°C. The mass losses of 17.39% (−0.548 mg) and 6.08% (−0.657) occurred in the second and third decomposition steps within the temperature ranges of 407.21–417.17°C and 464.40–508.22°C. The final residue obtained during the decomposition stage is in the form of a metal oxide such as Mo₂O_5. The thermograms of the studied complexes are reported in Figures 4 and S6.

3.3.1. Kinetic Parameters

The thermodynamic and kinetic parameters of the complexes were obtained using the following Coats–Redfern relation:where T represents the temperature observed on the DTG curve, A and denote the Arrhenius pre-exponential factor and activation energy, which can be calculated from the graphical process. R denotes the universal gas constant and β is the linear heating rate. Using the equation , a linear plot on the left-hand side vs. 1/T, whose slope gives the activation energy. Similarly, other kinetic parameters such as the entropy of activation (), enthalpy of activation (, and free energy of activation () were calculated using the following equations:

Here, various decomposition steps of the kinetic and thermodynamic parameters were calculated and are presented in Tables 1 and 2 [43]. All the complexes show greater values and reflect their high thermal stability because of their covalent bond character. In both complexes, all decomposition steps contain negative entropy of activation, which clearly shows a nonspontaneous dehydration reaction, and the positive values of of all decomposition stages for both complexes show nonspontaneous nature and is negative which indicates the exothermic process, and the correlation coefficient is shown in the graph indicating a better fit.

3.4. SEM Study

The coordination of metal with the ligand changes the metal complex surface morphology and was done by SEM (scanning electron microscopy) analysis. SEM is an important analytical instrumental technique for surface morphology. The micrograph shows the size, shape, ductility, strength, and arrangement of an object. The SEM micrograph of Cd-OTC/Sal metal complex (Figure 5(a)) exhibits microsphere-like morphology with aggregation of small nanoparticles, leading to the formation of a large sphere. Similarly, Mo-OTC/Sal metal complex (Figure 5(b)) shows that the surface morphology is a spherical nanomaterial whose aggregation gives rise to an increase in the size of a large sphere [44–46], as presented in Figure 5.

(a)

(b)

3.5. Molecular Modeling Study

The synthesized complexes were geometrically analyzed and characterized by molecular simulation processed in CS ChemOffice 3D Pro.12.0 version software, which gives a better and more accurate assessment of the theoretical predictions and proposed structure of molecules. By using the MM2 program, the optimized structure of the complexes was predicted. Energy optimization was done repeatedly to obtain the minimum energy for the proposed geometry [47, 48]. The Cd-OTC/Sal and Mo-OTC/Sal metal complexes were reported to have tetrahedral and octahedral geometries with final geometrical energies of 923.1740 and 899.3184 kcal/mol, respectively. By performing the calculation, bonding parameters such as bond length and bond angle with their optimized 3D molecular structures were obtained and are presented in Table S2 and Figures 6 and 7. Through this discussion, the structure of the metal complexes was obtained. The potential energy is the sum of all different types of energy: E = E_str + E_bend + E_tor + E_vdw + E_oop + E_ele, where E’s signify the energy value for many interactions. Similarly, the subscripts signify the bond stretching, angle bending, deformation angle, van der Waals interactions, out-of-plane bending, simple bending, and electronic interaction, respectively.

3.6. Antibacterial Sensitivity Study

Metal complexes (Cd-OTC/Sal and Mo-OTC/Sal) were screened for their antimicrobial evaluation using the modified Kirby–Bauer paper disc diffusion technique against S. aureus, E. coli, and P. mirabilis bacterial pathogens. Three different concentrations (50, 25, and 12.5 μg/μL) of the complexes were selected for the study. The growth inhibition data are presented in Table 3, and the pictorial representations are reported in Figures 8–10 and S7. The study revealed considerable antibacterial potency of the complexes with all bacterial pathogens. However, the parent drug oxytetracycline has shown a greater inhibitory effect relative to complexes. Moreover, the growth inhibitory effect is greater at higher concentrations of the complexes [49, 50]. Antibacterial potency of the complexes is based on the chelation theory. Chelation provides stability of the complex and also provides access for easy permeation of complex through the lipid layer of organisms. This helps in rupturing of the cell wall and deactivates bacterial action.

4. Conclusions

In summary, the Cd-OTC/Sal and Mo-OTC/Sal complexes were prepared successfully by coordination of metal ions with oxytetracycline and salicylaldehyde ligands. They were characterized using various spectral and physicochemical techniques. The spectral analysis revealed coordination of metal ions through O at C3 and the amide N atom of C2 of ring A of oxytetracycline and O atoms of salicylaldehydes. The complexes were found as amorphous and colored solids that are insoluble in water but soluble in DMSO and DMF. The electronic absorption data concluded the tetrahedral and octahedral geometries of the Cd-OTC/Sal and Mo-OTC/Sal complexes. This was further supported by molecular modeling studies. Antibacterial studies revealed significant antibiotic action against S.aureus, E.coli, and P. mirabilis bacterial pathogens. The study showed a better antibiotic effect of Cd-OTC/Sal compared to Mo-OTC/Sal.

Data Availability

The authors share the data underlying the findings of the manuscript.

Conflicts of Interest

The authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest.

Acknowledgments

This research work was fully funded by Nepal Academy of Science and Technology (NAST), Khumaltar, Lalitpur, Nepal, by providing Ph.D. fellowship. Thus, the first author is highly thankful to this organization and the authors also acknowledge SAIF, IIT Bombay; CSIR-CDRI, Lucknow; STIC, Cochin, Kerala; NBU, Siliguri, India, for spectral study.

Supplementary Materials

Figure S1: FT-IR spectra of Mo-OTC/Sal metal complex. Figure S2: ¹H-NMR spectra of Cd-OTC/Sal metal complex. Figure S3: ¹H-NMR spectrum of Mo-OTC/Sal complex. Figure S4: ESI-MS spectrum of Cd-OTC/Sal complex. Figure S5: electronic absorption spectrum of complexes. Figure S6: thermogram of Cd-OTC/Sal complex. Figure S7: antibacterial activity showing growth inhibition zone around the loaded disc. Table S1: ¹H-NMR spectral data of complexes. Table S2: selected bond length, bond angle, and bond energy of complexes. (Supplementary Materials)

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Copyright © 2020 Rohit Kumar Dev et al. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

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Journal of Chemistry

Synthesis, Characterization, and Antibacterial Evaluation of Heteroleptic Oxytetracycline-Salicylaldehyde Complexes

Abstract

1. Introduction

2. Experimental

2.1. Materials and Reagents

2.2. Instrumentation

2.3. Synthesis of Complexes

2.4. Antibacterial Assessment

3. Results and Discussion

3.1. Physical Characterization

3.2. Spectroscopic Characterization

3.2.1. FT-IR Spectral Study

3.2.2. 1H-NMR Spectral Study

3.2.3. Mass Spectral Study

3.2.4. Electronic Absorption Spectral Study

3.3. Thermal Study

3.3.1. Kinetic Parameters

3.4. SEM Study

3.5. Molecular Modeling Study

3.6. Antibacterial Sensitivity Study

4. Conclusions

Data Availability

Conflicts of Interest

Acknowledgments

Supplementary Materials

References

Copyright

3.2.2. ¹H-NMR Spectral Study