Simultaneous Determination of Four Ingredients in <i>Plantago Depressa</i> by Single Marker

Xu, Yang; Wang, Yuejie; Bi, Shengnan; Jia, Yanxue; Bao, Huiwei

doi:https://doi.org/10.1155/2021/4040239

Journal of Chemistry

On this page

Abstract Introduction Materials Experimental Results Discussion Conclusion Data Availability Ethical Approval Consent Conflicts of Interest References Copyright Related Articles

Research Article | Open Access

Volume 2021 | Article ID 4040239 | https://doi.org/10.1155/2021/4040239

Simultaneous Determination of Four Ingredients in Plantago Depressa by Single Marker

Yang Xu,¹Yuejie Wang,²Shengnan Bi,³Yanxue Jia,²and Huiwei Bao²

Academic Editor: Silvia Persichilli

Received20 Oct 2021

Accepted09 Nov 2021

Published21 Dec 2021

Abstract

Objective. To establish a quantitative analysis of multicomponents by single marker (QAMS) method for the simultaneous determination of 4 active components such as protocatechuic acid, catechin, quercetin, and luteolin in Plantago depressa. Method. 4 active components in Plantago depressa were studied. Quercetin was used as an internal reference to establish the relative correction factors among protocatechuic acid, catechin, and luteolin and calculate the contents of each component; the results were compared with those measured by the external standard method. Results. 4 components showed a good linear relationship in their respective concentration ranges (r > 0.9995). The relative correction factors (fs/k) of protocatechuic acid, catechin, and luteolin were 1.1992, 0.8613, and 1.6069, respectively. The method had good durability. The contents of protocatechuic acid, catechin, and luteolin calculated by QAMS were not significantly different from those measured by the external standard method. Conclusion. QAMS can be used to determine the content of 4 components in Plantago depressa at the same time, and the method is simple, accurate, and can be used for quality control.

1. Introduction

Plantago depressa is recorded in the Chinese Pharmacopoeia (2015 edition) [1], which is the dried whole plant of Plantago asiatica L. or Plantago depressa Wild., with the effects of clearing heat, promoting diuresis, relieving stranguria, eliminating phlegm, cooling blood, and detoxifying. It can be used for treating heat stranguria, difficulty and pain, edema, oliguria, summer humidity, alvine flux, phlegm, heat cough, carbuncles, etc. Plantago depressa has a long history, and it is widely used in China. Whether it is a single medicinal material or a compound preparation [2], it has a certain clinical application market. The main chemical components of Plantago depressa include flavonoids [3–7], phenylethanoid glycosides [6,7], iridoid terpenoids, triterpenoids, and sterols [4–7]. According to the literature on the quality standard of Plantago depressa, the single component is mainly used as the evaluation index of the quality of Plantago depressa, which is contradictory to the characteristics of the multicomponent synergistic effect of traditional Chinese medicine. In the previous studies of this subject, it was found that protocatechuic acid, catechin, quercetin, and luteolin contained in Plantago depressa had not been reported for content evaluation, and these four components had remarkable effects in antibacterial activity [8–13], detumescence, anti-inflammatory [10–13], eliminating phlegm, antivirus [11], and protecting the liver and gallbladder [14–16], which indicates that it is of great significance to detect the contents of protocatechuic acid, catechin, quercetin, and luteolin in Plantago depressa.

Quantitative analysis of multicomponents by single marker (QAMS) refers to a method that utilizes the relationship between internal functions and proportions of effective components of traditional Chinese medicine and realizes the synchronous determination of multicomponents (reference substances are difficult to obtain or supply) by measuring one component (reference substances are cheap or easy to obtain) [17], and it is a multi-index quality evaluation model suitable for the characteristics of traditional Chinese medicine [18, 19]. QAMS method is an effective method for multi-index quality control. [20, 21]. The HPLC method has high sensitivity, fast analysis speed, and high separation efficiency [22, 23]. In the Pharmacopoeia (2010 edition), the QAMS method was adopted for the first time to establish the medicinal standard of Coptis chinensis, and the development direction of “single index-multi-index, index component -pharmacological component control” was established, which was widely recognized in the industry [24, 25]. In this paper, the QAMS method for the simultaneous determination of protocatechuic acid, catechin, and luteolin (Figure 1) in Plantago depressa was established by using quercetin, a cheap and readily available substance, as the internal standard, which laid the foundation for the establishment of its quality standard.

(a)

(b)

(c)

(d)

2. Instruments and Materials

Chromatographic analysis was performed on Agilent 1260 high-performance liquid chromatography system (including a quaternary low pressure mixing pump, autosampler, column oven, 1100 diode array detector, and ChemStation workstation); ALC-110.4 millionth electronic balance was purchased from Beijing Sardolis Instrument System Co., Ltd.; KQ-250 ultrasonic cleaner was obtained from Kunshan Ultrasonic Instrument Co., Ltd.; and DFY-200 (swing type) multifunction high-speed traditional Chinese medicine grinder was purchased from Shanghai Zule Instrument Co., Ltd..

The protocatechuic acid (batch number: 110809–201205, purity of 99.9%), catechin (batch number: 110877–201604, purity of 99.2%), quercetin (batch number: 100081–201610, purity of 99.1%), and luteolin (batch number: 111520–201605, purity of 99.6%) were purchased from the China Pharmaceutical Biological Products Verification Institute (Beijing, China). Methanol (Fisher, America) was of chromatographic grade; ultrapure water was acquired from Hangzhou Wahaha Co., Ltd.; and other reagents were all of analytical grade.

The source information of 10 batches of Plantago depressa is shown in Table 1. It was identified as the dried whole plant of Plantago depressa L. or Plantago depressa Wild. by associate professor Xiao Jinglei from the Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine Identification of Changchun University of Chinese Medicine.

3. Experimental Methods

3.1. Chromatographic Condition

Phenomenex C₁₈ column (250 mm × 4.6 mm, 5 μm). The mobile phase consisted of methyl alcohol(A) and 0.1% phosphoric acid solution (B), gradient elution (0～7 min, 5%A; 7～10 min, 5%⟶15%A; 10～20 min, 15%A; 20～25 min, 15%⟶31%A; 25～32 min, 31%A; 32～40 min, 31%⟶47%A; and 40～58 min, 47%⟶56%A). The flow rate was 1.0 mL·min⁻¹; the detective wavelength was monitored at 225 nm; the column was maintained at a temperature of 30°C; and the injection volume was 10 μL.

3.2. Preparation of Solution

3.2.1. Reference Solution

The proper amounts of protocatechuic acid and catechin were taken and weighed precisely, and methanol was added to prepare a solution containing 0.74 mg/mL protocatechuic acid and 0.678 mg/mL catechin, respectively; the proper amounts of quercetin and luteolin were taken, weighed precisely, and placed in a 25 mL flask. 6.25 mL of the above two solutions were added, and methanol was added to prepare a mixed reference substance mother solution containing 0.185 mg/mL protocatechuic acid, 0.1695 mg/mL catechin, 0.8232 mg/mL quercetin, and 0.442 mg/mL luteolin. 1 mL mixed reference substance mother solution was precisely sucked and put into a 50 mL flask, and methanol was added to prepare a mixed reference substance solution containing 3.70 μg/mL protocatechuic acid, 3.39 μg/mL catechin, 16.46 μg/mL quercetin, and 8.84 μg/mL luteolin.

3.2.2. Solutions for Testing Products

The proper amount of dried Plantago depressa herb was taken, pulverized, weighed (about 5 g) precisely, and put into a conical flask with a cover. After 8 times of methanol was added, ultrasound (250 W, 40 kHz) was used to treat it for 30 min, cooling it, filtering it, repeating treatment twice, combining the filtrates, recycling the solvent rotationally, and transferring it to a 5 mL flask, adding methanol to fix the volume to the scale. Finally, the product can be obtained.

3.3. Methodological Investigation

3.3.1. Investigation of Linear Relationship

0.02, 0.04, 0.1, 0.2, 0.04, and 1.0 mL of mixed reference substance mother solution were accurately sucked under the item “2.2.1,” and they were placed in 5 mL measuring flasks, respectively. Methanol was added to dilute to the scale, shaking well. A mixed reference substance solution with different mass concentrations was prepared. 10 μL of each of the above 6 solutions were sucked, respectively, and injected into high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Taking the concentration as an abscissa (X) and the peak area integral as an ordinate (Y), the standard curve was drawn, and the regression formula was calculated.

3.3.2. Precision Test

10 μL of the same mixed reference substance solution was precisely sucked and injected into high-performance liquid chromatography, and the chromatographic peak area was recorded 6 consecutive times.

3.3.3. Repeatability Test

6 Plantago depressa (No. ZJ-1) from the same batch were taken, and 6 solutions for testing the product in parallel were prepared according to the method under item “2.2.2.” 10 μL of each solution was precisely sucked and injected into high-performance liquid chromatography, and the chromatographic peak area was recorded.

3.3.4. Stability Test

Precision absorption of the same sample solution (No. ZJ-1) 10 μL of each was injected into a high-performance liquid chromatography at 0, 2, 4, 6, 8, and 12 h after preparation, and the chromatographic peak area was recorded.

3.3.5. Sample Addition Recovery Test

6 Plantago depressa sample powders with known content were taken, each copy was about 2.5 g, weighing precisely, adding 20 μL of 0.502 mg/mL protocatechuic acid solution, 20 μL of 0.455 mg/mL catechin solution, 100 μL of 0.412 mg/mL quercetin solution, and 50 μL of 0.502 mg/mL luteolin solution, respectively. Methanol was added to 20 mL, and then the solution for testing the product was prepared according to the method under item “2.2.2” for sample analysis.

3.4. Calculation of Relative Correction Factor f

The mixed reference substance mother solution prepared was taken under item “2.2.1,” diluting it by the corresponding multiple, and injecting 10 μL, respectively. Using quercetin as an internal reference, the relative correction factors of quercetin to protocatechuic acid, catechin, and luteolin were calculated according to formula (1), respectively.As is the peak area of the reference substance, Cs is the concentration of the reference substance, Ai is the peak area of other components, and Ci is the concentration of other components.

3.5. Investigation of Durability

3.5.1. Influence of Different Instruments and Chromatographic Columns on f

The effects of different chromatographic columns and chromatographic systems on the relative correction factors were investigated, and the RSD of the relative correction factors of different chromatographic columns and chromatographic systems was calculated.

3.5.2. Influence of Different Volume Flowrates on f

The effects of different volume flow rates (0.8, 0.9, 1.0, 1.1, and 1.2 mL/min) on the relative correction factors were investigated, and the RSD of the relative correction factor under different flow rates was calculated.

3.5.3. Influence of Different Column Temperatures on f

The influence of different column temperatures (20, 25, 30, 35, and 40°C) on the relative correction factor was investigated, and the RSD of the relative correction factor under different column temperatures was calculated.

3.6. Location of Chromatographic Peaks of Components to be Detected

Using quercetin as an internal reference, the relative retention method was used to locate protocatechuic acid, catechin, and luteolin, respectively. The effects of the Agilent 1260 and Shimadzu LC-2030 high-performance liquid chromatograph and the Agilent ZORBAX SB-C₁₈, Phenomenex C₁₈, and Agilent TC-C₁₈ columns on the relative retention value were also investigated.t_Rs is the retention time of the reference and t_Ri is the retention time of other components.

4. Experimental Results

4.1. System Adaptability Test

10 μL of mixed reference substance solution and 10 μL of test substance solution under item “2.2” were accurately sucked and analyzed according to the chromatographic conditions under item “2.1.” The chromatographic diagram is shown in Figure 2. Under the abovementioned chromatographic conditions, the theoretical plate number of the four components was more than 3000, the separation degree of the adjacent chromatographic peaks was more than 1.5, and the peak shape was good.

(a)

(b)

4.2. Investigation of Linear Relationship

The linear regression results of protocatechuic acid, catechin, quercetin, and luteolin are shown in Table 2, which shows that each component has a good linear relationship within the respective mass concentration range.

4.3. Precision Test

The RSD values of protocatechuic acid, catechin, quercetin and luteolin peak areas were 1.95%, 1.98%, 1.34% and 1.83% respectively, indicating that the instrument had good precision.

4.4. Repeatability Test

The average mass fractions of protocatechuic acid, catechin, quercetin, and luteolin were 3.704, 3.394, 16.473, and 8.848 g/mg, respectively. The RSD values were 1.97%, 1.99%, 1.76%, and 1.93%, respectively.

4.5. Stability Test

The RSD of mean mass fractions for protocatechuic acid, catechin, quercetin, and luteolin were 1.88%, 1.76%, 1.53%, and 1.81%, respectively, indicating that the solution was stable for 12 h.

4.6. Sample Addition Recovery Test

The recovery and RSD values of protocatechuic acid, catechin, quercetin, and luteolin were calculated. The results are shown in Table 3, which shows that the method has good accuracy.

4.7. Calculation of Relative Correction Factor f

The relative correction factors of quercetin to protocatechuic acid, catechin, and luteolin were calculated, and the average value was taken. The results showed that (Table 4), taking quercetin as a reference, the relative correction factors of protocatechuic acid, catechin, and luteolin were 1.1992, 0.8613, and 1.6069, respectively, with RSD less than 2.0%.

4.8. Investigation of Durability

4.8.1. Influence of Different Instruments on f

The relative correction factors of quercetin to protocatechuic acid, catechin, and luteolin were calculated, and the average value was taken. The results showed that (Table 5) the RSD values were all less than 2.0%. It shows that different HPLCs have no significant effect on the relative correction factor.

4.8.2. Influence of Different Chromatographic Columns on f

The relative correction factors of quercetin to protocatechuic acid, catechin, and luteolin were calculated, respectively, and the average value was taken. The results showed that (Table 6), RSD values were all less than 2.0%. It shows that different chromatographic columns have no significant effect on the relative correction factor.

4.8.3. Influence of Different Volume Flowrates on f

The relative correction factors of quercetin to protocatechuic acid, catechin, and luteolin were calculated, and the average value was taken. The results showed that (Table 7) the RSD values were all less than 2.0%. It shows that different volume flow rates have no significant effect on the relative correction factor.

4.8.4. Influence of Different Column Temperatures on f

The relative correction factors of quercetin to protocatechuic acid, catechin, and luteolin were calculated, and the average value was taken. The results showed that (Table 8) the RSD values were all less than 2.0%. It shows that different column temperatures have no significant effect on the relative correction factor.

4.9. Locations of Chromatographic Peaks of Components to be Detected

The relative retention values of quercetin to protocatechuic acid, catechin, and luteolin were calculated, and the average values were taken. The results showed that (Table 9) the RSD values were all less than 2.0%. The results show that the relative retention values of each component to be detected have good reproducibility in different high-performance liquid chromatography systems and chromatographic columns.

4.10. Comparison between the QAMS Method and the External Standard (ESM) Method

10 batches of Plantago depressa with the proper amount from different producing areas were taken, with 3 copies for each sample. They were weighed precisely, and the solution for testing products was prepared according to item “2.2.2.” The determination was carried out according to this method, and the chromatographic peak area of the components to be tested was recorded.

10 μL of each sample solution was precisely sucked and injected into high-performance liquid chromatography for determination. The content of quercetin, protocatechuic acid, catechin, and luteolin in the samples was calculated by the QAMS and ESM methods. The results are shown in Table 1. The results showed that the RSD values of the two methods were all within 2.0%, indicating that there was no significant difference in the contents of each batch of samples measured by the two methods, and the QAMS method could be applied to the determination of each component in Plantago depressa.

5. Discussion

In this study, the content of quercetin in Plantago depressa was determined by HPLC with an external standard method, and the relative correction factors of protocatechuic acid, catechin, and luteolin were calculated. Then, the content of protocatechuic acid, catechin, and luteolin was calculated with the obtained relative correction factors, thus realizing the quantitative analysis of multicomponents by single marker (QAMS). The content of three components in Plantago depressa was determined by an external standard method, and the difference between them and those calculated by the relative correction factor was compared. The results showed that there was no significant difference between the content values calculated by the relative correction factor and those determined by the external standard method. The method can improve the quality control of Plantago depressa without an increase of cost and can be used for quantitative analysis and quality evaluation of Plantago depressa.

5.1. Selection of Detection Wavelength

Xiao Jin et al. [26] used the HPLC method to simultaneously detect the content of 10 flavonoids in 16 Acanthopanax Miq. plants, of which quercetin content was detected at 283 nm. Li Jun et al. [27] used 260 nm and 360 nm dual wavelength switching methods to determine protocatechuic acid, quercetin, and luteolin in Aspidistra lurida. Que Zuliang et al. [28] chose a 225 nm detection wavelength when identifying catechin in the HPLC fingerprint of Angelica sinensis. Referring to the abovementioned literature, the absorption peaks at 225 nm, 260 nm, 283 nm, and 360 nm were simultaneously collected by using 190 nm ∼ 400 nm full wavelength scanning and a DAD detector. The maximum absorption wavelength of protocatechuic acid, catechin, quercetin, and luteolin was determined to be 225 nm.

5.2. Selection of Internal Standard

Quercetin is one of the active components of Plantago depressa, which has anti-inflammatory, antibacterial, antipathogenic microorganisms, antiviral, and other pharmacological effects. Due to its economic price, the simple preparation method and comprehensive consideration of the peak time and content of each component to be tested in quercetin, quercetin is finally determined as the internal standard.

5.3. Selection of Chromatographic Conditions

In this study, the effects of methanol-water, methanol-0.1% phosphoric acid solution, acetonitrile-water, and acetonitrile-0.1% phosphoric acid solution on the separation of four components in Plantago depressa were investigated. Through experiments, it is found that if the composition of the mobile phase is methanol-water and acetonitrile-water, the fluctuation of the baseline increases, so this option is excluded. When water is replaced with a 0.1% phosphoric acid solution, this situation can be effectively improved, and the baseline is relatively stable. However, the mobile phase system of methanol-0.1% phosphoric acid solution has a better peak shape than that of the acetonitrile-0.1% phosphoric acid solution system, so the mobile phase system is determined to be methanol-0.1% phosphoric acid solution. In this study, four different column temperatures such as 25°C, 30°C, 35°C, and 40°C and four different injection amounts such as 5 μL, 10 μL, 15 μL, and 20 μL were also investigated. Based on the combination of peak time, separation effect of chromatographic peaks to be detected, and economic factors, the chromatographic column temperature of 30°C, and injection amount of 10 μL were finally determined.

6. Conclusion

In this study, the content of quercetin in Plantago depressa was determined by HPLC with an external standard method, and the relative correction factors of protocatechuic acid, catechin, and luteolin were calculated. Then, the content of protocatechuic acid, catechin, and luteolin was calculated with the obtained relative correction factors, thus realizing the quantitative analysis of multicomponents by single marker (QAMS). The content of three components in Plantago depressa was determined by an external standard method, and the difference between them and those calculated by the relative correction factor was compared. The results showed that there was no significant difference between the content values calculated by the relative correction factor and those determined by the external standard method. The method can improve the quality control of Plantago depressa without an increase of cost and can be used for quantitative analysis and quality evaluation of Plantago depressa.

Data Availability

The main tables and figure data used to support the findings of this study are included within the article.

Ethical Approval

Ethical Approval is not applicable for this article.

There are no human subjects in this article and informed consent is not applicable.

Conflicts of Interest

The authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest.

References

National Pharmacopoeia Commission, Pharmacopoeia of the People’s Republic of China, China Medical Science and Technology Press, Beijing, China, 2015 edition, 1953.
T. Zhang, A Study on Formula Granules of Plantago, Chengdu University of traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China, 2013.
Y. Ren, H. Zhou, Y. Yang, and X. Deng, “An overview of the study of plantain,” Journal of Anhui Agricultural Science, vol. 37, no. 18, pp. 8467–8469, 2009.
View at: Google Scholar
S. Wang, “A study on chemical constituents and pharmacological action of Plantago depressa,” Heilongjiang Medical Journal, vol. 27, no. 4, pp. 864-865, 2014.
View at: Google Scholar
X. Zhang, W. Qu, and J. Liang, “Advances in studies on chemical components and pharmacological effects of plantago,” Strait Pharmaceutical Journal, vol. 25, no. 11, pp. 1–8, 2013.
View at: Google Scholar
L. Xia, G. Jin, L. Sun, and J. Yang, “Advances in studies on chemical composition and pharmacological effects of plantago,” China Pharmacist, vol. 16, no. 02, pp. 294–296, 2013.
View at: Google Scholar
Y. Yang, Q. Zhou, H. Zeng, H. Chu, Z. Liang, and Q. Li, “Advances in studies on chemical composition and new biological activity of plantago,” Chinese Traditional Patent Medicine, vol. 33, no. 10, pp. 1771–1776, 2011.
View at: Google Scholar
Z. Huang, “Advances in studies on chemical components and pharmacological effects of tea,” Modern Medicine and Health Research Electronic Journal, vol. 1, no. 06, pp. 151-152, 2017.
View at: Google Scholar
X. Xu, “A review of pharmacological effects of catechin,” Journal of Light Industry, vol. 27, no. 04, pp. 60–64, 2012.
View at: Google Scholar
M. Luo, D. Luo, and W. Zhao, “Advances in pharmacological effects of quercetin,” Chinese Journal of Ethnomedicine and Ethnopharmacy, vol. 23, no. 17, pp. 12–14, 2014.
View at: Google Scholar
J. Sun and S. Yu, “Advances in quercetin,” Research and Practice Chinese Medicine, vol. 25, no. 03, pp. 85–88, 2011.
View at: Google Scholar
C. Zhao and Z. Guo, “Advances in pharmacological action of luteolin,” Journal of Chengde Medical College, vol. 32, no. 02, pp. 148–150, 2015.
View at: Google Scholar
J. Wang, Y. he, W. Zhang, P. Zhang, Q. Huang, and H. Zichun, “Advances in pharmacological action of luteolin,” Life Science Instruments, vol. 25, no. 06, pp. 560–565, 2013.
View at: Google Scholar
Z. Xie, Q. Zhang, L. Zhu, and G. Han, “Advances in Studies on chemical components and pharmacological activities of chrysanthemum,” Journal of Henan University (Medical Science), vol. 34, no. 04, pp. 290–300, 2015.
View at: Google Scholar
I. M. Chang, “Antiviral activity of aucubin against hepatitis B virus replication,” Phytotherapy Research, vol. 11, no. 3, pp. 189–192, 1997.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
Anne Berit Samuelsen, “The traditional uses,chemical constituents and biological activities of plantago major L,” Journal of Ethnopharmacology, vol. 71, pp. 1–21, 2000.
View at: Google Scholar
X. Feng, G. Zhou, and T. Ali, “Establishment of the quantitative analysis of multiindex in euphorbia lathyris by the single marker method for euphorbia lathyris based on the quality by design concept,” Journal of Analytical Methods in Chemistry, vol. 2021, Article ID 4311934, 8 pages, 2021.
View at: Google Scholar
J. Zhang, D. Wang, and X. Zhou, “Advances in the application of one-test-multi-evaluation method in quality evaluation of traditional Chinese medicine,” Chinese Journal Expert Traditional Medicine Formulae, vol. 22, no. 16, pp. 220–228, 2016.
View at: Google Scholar
H. Bao, J. Chi, H. Yang, F. Liu, K. Fang, and Y. Xu, “Simultaneous determination of six active components in danggui kushen pills via quantitative analysis of multicomponents by single marker,” Journal of Analytical Methods in Chemistry, vol. 2019, Article ID 9620571, 11 pages, 2019.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
J. Zhang, D. Wang, and X. Zhou, “Application of fingerprint combined with QAMS in quality evaluation of zhenrongdan mixture,” Medicine Plant, vol. 10, no. 2, pp. 50–53, 2019.
View at: Google Scholar
L. Chen, H. Gao, X. Hu, J. Zhu, and W. Feng, “Establishment of QAMS method with dehydroandrographolide as internal reference substance for quality control of andrographis herba,” China Journal Chinese Mater Medicine, vol. 44, no. 4, pp. 730–739, 2019.
View at: Google Scholar
Y. Zhao, P. Sun, Y. Ma et al., “Simultaneous quantitative determination of six caffeoylquinic acids in Matricaria chamomilla L. with high-performance liquid chromatography,” Journal of Chemistry, vol. 2019, Article ID 4352832, 7 pages, 2019.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
Y. Zhou, L. Wu, X. Jiang, Q. Fan, and S. Pranav, “A simple and convenient method for simultaneous determination of schizandrol A, schizandrol B, schisandrin A, γ-schisandrin, and schisandrin C,” Journal of Chemistry, vol. 2016, Article ID 1739879, 7 pages, 2016.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
C. Q. Wang, X. H. Jia, S. Zhu, K. Komatsu, X. Wang, and S.-Q. Cai, “A systematic study on the influencing parameters and improvement of quantitative analysis of multi-component with single marker method using notoginseng as research subject,” Talanta, vol. 134, no. 1, pp. 587–595, 2015.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
C. Yan, Y. Wu, Z. Weng et al., “Development of an HPLC method for absolute quantification and QAMS of flavonoids components in Psoralea corylifolia L.,” Journal of Analytical Methods in Chemistry, vol. 23, no. 10, pp. 1–7, 2015.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
X. Jin, S. Xiao, Z. Xu et al., “Simultaneous determination of 10 flavonoids in 16 species of pentagonal plants by HPLC,” Journal of Chinese Medicine Mater, no. 09, pp. 2181–2188, 2020.
View at: Google Scholar
J. Li, N. Lu, L. Yun-Qing, and C. Liang, “Simultaneous determination of six constituents in Antenoron filiforme by HPLC,” Chinese Traditional Pattern Medicine, vol. 42, no. 05, pp. 1228–1232, 2020.
View at: Google Scholar
Q. Zu-Liang, P. Danqing, C. Yong, C. Zijun, L. Jinzhou, and W. Jiangcun, “HPLC fingerprints of embelia parviflora from different growing areas,” Chinese Traditional Pattern Medicine, vol. 42, no. 02, pp. 415–422, 2020.
View at: Google Scholar

Copyright

Copyright © 2021 Yang Xu et al. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

PDF Download Citation

Download other formats

Order printed copies

Views

243

Downloads

525

Citations