Textile Industry Effluent Treatment Techniques

Table 1

Type of dyes, their application, and chemical classes [5].

Types of dyes	Their application	Properties	Chemical classes
Acid dyes	Nylon, wool, silk, modified acrylics, paper, leather, ink-jet printing, and food	Watersoluble	Azo (including premetallized), anthraquinone, triphenylmethane, azine, xanthene, nitro, and nitroso
Basic dyes	Paper, polyacrylonitrile, modified nylons, modified polyesters, cation dyeable polyethylene terephthalate, and medicine	Watersoluble	Diazahemicyanine, triarylmethane, cyanine, hemicyanine, thiazine, oxazine, and acridine
Disperse dyes	Polyester and some amount nylon, cellulose, cellulose acetate, and acrylic fibers	Water insoluble and nonionic dyes	Azo, anthraquinone, styryl, nitro, and benzodifuranone
Direct dyes	Cotton, rayon, paper, leather, and some amount to nylon.	Water soluble and anionic dyes	Polyazo compounds, along with some stilbenes, phthalocyanines, and oxazines
Reactive dyes	Cotton and other cellulosic fibers and some extent wool and nylon fibers	Watersoluble	Chromophoric groups such as azo, anthraquinone, triarylmethane, phthalocyanine, formazan, and oxazine
Solvent dyes	Plastics, gasoline, lubricants, oils, and waxes	Solvent soluble while water insoluble and nonpolar or little polar	Predominantly azo and anthraquinone, but phthalocyanine and triarylmethane are also used
Sulfer dyes	Cotton and rayon	Watersoluble
Vat dyes	Cotton cellulosic fibers and for rayon and wool	Water insoluble	Anthraquinone (including polycyclic quinones) and indigoids