Cybersecurity is one of the most important concepts of cyberworld which provides protection to the cyberspace from various types of cybercrimes. This paper provides an updated survey of cybersecurity. We conduct the survey of security of recent prominent researches and categorize the recent incidents in context to various fundamental principles of cybersecurity. We have proposed a new taxonomy of cybercrime which can cover all types of cyberattacks. We have analyzed various cyberattacks as per the updated cybercrime taxonomy to identify the challenges in the field of cybersecurity and highlight various research directions as future work in this field.

Harmandeep Singh Brar

Gulshan Kumar

Cybercrimes: A Proposed Taxonomy and Challenges

Network failures are undesirable but inevitable occurrences for most modern communication and computing networks. A good network design must be robust enough to handle sudden failures, maintain traffic flow, and restore failed parts of the network within a permissible time frame, at the lowest cost achievable and with as little extra complexity in the network as possible. Emerging next-generation (xG) communication and computing networks such as fifth-generation networks, software-defined networks, and internet-of-things networks have promises of fast speeds, impressive data rates, and remarkable reliability. To achieve these promises, these complex and dynamic xG networks must be built with low failure possibilities, high network restoration capacity, and quick failure recovery capabilities. Hence, improved network restoration models have to be developed and incorporated in their design. In this paper, a comprehensive study on network restoration mechanisms that are being developed for addressing network failures in current and emerging xG networks is carried out. Open-ended problems are identified, while invaluable ideas for better adaptation of network restoration to evolving xG communication and computing paradigms are discussed.

B. S. Awoyemi

A. S. Alfa

B. T. Maharaj

Network Restoration for Next-Generation Communication and Computing Networks

In intensity modulation/direct detection- (IM/DD-) based optical OFDM systems, the requirement of the input signal to be real and positive unipolar imposes a reduction of system performances. Among previously proposed unipolar optical OFDM schemes for optical wireless communications (OWC), asymmetrically clipped optical OFDM (ACO-OFDM) and direct current biased optical OFDM (DCO-OFDM) are the most accepted ones. But those proposed schemes experience either spectral efficiency loss or energy efficiency loss which is a big challenge to realize high speed OWC. To improve the spectral and energy efficiencies, we previously proposed a multistratum-based stratified asymmetrically clipped optical OFDM (STACO-OFDM), and its performance was analyzed for AWGN channel. STACO-OFDM utilizes even subcarriers on the first stratum and odd subcarriers on the rest of strata to transmit multiple ACO-OFDM frames simultaneously. STACO-OFDM provides equal spectral efficiency as DCO-OFDM and better spectral efficiency compared to ACO-OFDM. In this paper, we analyze the BER performance of STACO-OFDM under the effect of multipath fading. The theoretical bit error rate (BER) bound is derived and compared with the simulation results, and good agreement is achieved. Moreover, STACO-OFDM shows better BER performance compared to ACO-OFDM and DCO-OFDM.

Zelalem Hailu Gebeyehu

Philip Kibet Langat

Ciira Wa Maina

BER Performance of Stratified ACO-OFDM for Optical Wireless Communications over Multipath Channel

The message routing in vehicular ad hoc networks (VANETs) is an attractive and promising area for research. These networks do not have a central coordination, the nodes are mobile, and the topology is highly dynamic, making the routing process a big challenge, since it is responsible for ensuring message delivery with small overhead and delay. In the literature, there are several routing protocols that can be used in VANETs; in this way, the main objective of this work is to classify, discuss, and compare such protocols through a review of research in this field. The protocol classification is based on the following criteria: type of architecture and mode of operation. Moreover, this work emphasizes the potential of the application of bioinspired and bus-based techniques in the routing problem solutions, which has been revealed as a main tendency nowadays. Bioinspired routing protocols are based on the behavior of entities in the nature, and they are meant to work in a distributed mode, using mobile agents to find routes with specific features. In a parallel line of research, the differentiated behavior of urban transport vehicles suggests that a system that makes use of buses to create a communication infrastructure can perform better when compared to a system that does not distinguish between vehicles.

Joilson Alves Junior

Emilio C. G. Wille

Routing in Vehicular Ad Hoc Networks: Main Characteristics and Tendencies

Information hiding techniques have a significant role in recent application areas. Steganography is the embedding of information within an innocent cover work in a way which cannot be detected by any person without accessing the steganographic key. The proposed work uses a steganographic scheme for useful information with the help of human skin tone regions as cover image. The proposed algorithm has undergone Lagrange interpolation encryption for enhancement of the security of the hidden information. First, the skin tone regions are identified by using YCbCr color space which can be used as a cover image. Image pixels which belong to the skin regions are used to carry more secret bits, and the secret information is hidden in both horizontal and vertical sequences of the skin areas of the cover image. The secret information will hide behind the human skin regions rather than other objects in the same image because the skin pixels have high intensity value. The performance of embedding is done and is quite invisible by the vector discrete wavelet transformation (VDWT) technique. A new Lagrange interpolation-based encryption method is introduced to achieve high security of the hidden information with higher payload and better visual quality.

Maheswari Subramanian

Reeba Korah

A Framework of Secured Embedding Scheme Using Vector Discrete Wavelet Transformation and Lagrange Interpolation

Wi-Fi has been an amazingly successful technology. Its success may be attributed to the fact that, despite the significant advances made in technology over the last decade, it has remained backward compatible. 802.11ac is the latest version of the wireless LAN (WLAN) standard that is currently being adopted, and it promises to deliver very high throughput (VHT), operating at the 5&#x2009;GHz band. In this paper, we report on an implementation of 802.11ac wireless LAN for residential scenario based on the 802.11ax task group scenario document. We evaluate the 802.11ac protocol performance under different operating conditions. Key features such as modulation coding set (MCS), frame aggregation, and multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) were investigated. We also evaluate the average throughput, delay, jitter, optimum range for goodput, and effect of station (STA) density per access point (AP) in a network. ns-3, an open source network simulator with features supporting 802.11ac, was used to perform the simulation. Results obtained indicate that very high data rates are achievable. The highest data rate, the best mean delay, and mean jitter are possible under combined features of 802.11ac (MIMO and A-MPDU).

Andy Bubune Amewuda

Ferdinand Apietu Katsriku

Jamal-Deen Abdulai

Implementation and Evaluation of WLAN 802.11ac for Residential Networks in NS-3

A new spreading code based on a prime code for synchronous optical code-division multiple-access networks that can be used in monitoring applications has been proposed. The new code is referred to as &#x201c;extended grouped new modified prime code.&#x201d; This new code has the ability to support more terminal devices than other prime codes. In addition, it patches subsequences with &#x201c;0s&#x201d; leading to lower power consumption. The proposed code has an improved cross-correlation resulting in enhanced BER performance. The code construction and parameters are provided. The operating performance, using incoherent on-off keying modulation and incoherent pulse position modulation systems, has been analyzed. The performance of the code was compared with other prime codes. The results demonstrate an improved performance, and a BER floor of 10&#x2212;9 was achieved.

Huda Saleh Abbas

Mark A. Gregory

Michael W. Austin

A New Prime Code for Synchronous Optical Code Division Multiple-Access Networks

The ad hoc mobile cloud (AMC) allows mobile devices to connect together through a wireless connection or any other means and send a request for web services from one to another within the mobile cloud. However, one of the major challenges in the AMC is the occurrence of dissatisfaction experienced by the users. This is because there are many services with similar functionalities but varying nonfunctional properties. Moreover, another resultant cause of user dissatisfaction being coupled with runtime redundancy is the attainment of similar quality computations during service selection, often referred to as &#x201C;service selection ties.&#x201D; In an attempt to address this challenge, service selection mechanisms for the AMC were developed in this work. This includes the use of selected quality of service properties coupled with user feedback data to determine the most suitable service. These mechanisms were evaluated using the experimental method. The evaluation of the mechanisms mainly focused on the metrics that evaluate the satisfaction of users&#x0027; interest via the quantitative evaluation. The experiments affirmed that the use of the shortest distance can help to break selection ties between potential servicing nodes. Also, a continuous use of updated and unlimited range of users&#x0027; assessments enhances an optimal service selection.

Ayotuyi Tosin Akinola

Matthew Olusegun Adigun

Approaches to Addressing Service Selection Ties in Ad Hoc Mobile Cloud Computing

The demand from exascale computing has made the design of high-radix switch chips an attractive and challenging research field in EHPC (exascale high-performance computing). The static power, due to the thermal sensitivity and process variation of the microresonator rings, and the cross talk noise of the optical network become the main bottlenecks of the network’s scalability. This paper proposes the analyze model of the trimming power, process variation power, and signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) for the Graphein-based high-radix optical switch networks and uses the extra channels and the redundant rings to decrease the trimming power and the process variation power. The paper also explores the SNR under different configurations. The simulation result shows that when using 8 extra channels in the <svg xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" style="vertical-align:-0.3499298pt" id="M1" height="8.69875pt" version="1.1" viewBox="-0.0498162 -8.34882 38.6238 8.69875" width="38.6238pt"><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,0,0)"><path id="g113-55" d="M137 343C167 482 260 545 321 574C357 591 397 603 429 609L423 641C382 634 335 622 295 608C189 570 37 457 37 238C37 84 125 -12 242 -12C362 -12 447 89 447 209C447 311 374 393 267 393C247 393 226 386 204 376L137 343ZM227 337C318 337 361 256 361 173C361 105 336 22 258 22C176 22 126 120 126 240C126 266 127 291 132 310C155 323 189 337 227 337Z"/></g><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,6.24,0)"><path id="g113-53" d="M456 178V225H360V632H320C217 496 115 347 20 206V178H280V106C280 40 276 34 189 27V0H445V27C364 34 360 39 360 106V178H456ZM280 225H82C149 335 214 431 278 520H280V225Z"/></g><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,15.386,0)"><path id="g117-42" d="M528 54L331 254L528 455L492 493L294 291L96 493L60 455L257 254L60 54L96 16L294 217L492 16L528 54Z"/></g><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,25.922,0)"><use xlink:href="#g113-55"/></g><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,32.163,0)"><use xlink:href="#g113-53"/></g></svg> crossbar optical network, the trimming power reduces almost 80% and the process variation power decreases 65% by adding 16 redundant rings in the <svg xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" style="vertical-align:-0.3499298pt" id="M2" height="8.69875pt" version="1.1" viewBox="-0.0498162 -8.34882 38.6238 8.69875" width="38.6238pt"><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,0,0)"><use xlink:href="#g113-55"/></g><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,6.24,0)"><use xlink:href="#g113-53"/></g><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,15.386,0)"><use xlink:href="#g117-42"/></g><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,25.922,0)"><use xlink:href="#g113-55"/></g><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,32.163,0)"><use xlink:href="#g113-53"/></g></svg> crossbar optical network. All of these schemes have little influence on the SNR. Meanwhile, the greater channel spacing has great advantages to decrease the static power and increase the SNR of the optical network.

Jie Jian

Mingche Lai

Liquan Xiao

Optimize the Power Consumption and SNR of the 3D Photonic High-Radix Switch Architecture Based on Extra Channels and Redundant Rings

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Journal of Computer Networks and Communications - Table of contents 2018

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Journal of Computer Networks and Communications publishes original research and review articles that investigate both the theoretical and practical aspects of computer networks and communications.

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Journal of Computer Networks and Communications

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Journal of Computer Networks and Communications