Journal of Criminology

Research Article

The Role of Bystander Perceptions and School Climate in Influencing Victims' Responses to Bullying: To Retaliate or Seek Support?

HLM results for 3-level model examining the effect of school climate on responses to being bullied.


	Aggressive response		Adult support seeking
	OR	CI	OR	CI

Student-level variables
White	0.80***	(0.706, 0.900)	0.89	(0.759, 1.034)
Male	1.11	(0.978, 1.262)	0.76***	(0.682, 0.856)
11th and 12th graders	0.89*	(0.793, 0.991)	1.09	(0.907, 1.302)
Frequent victimization	1.68***	(1.507, 1.871)	1.87***	(1.607, 2.184)
Students intervene	0.92*	(0.860, 0.989)	1.01	(0.924, 1.097)
Adults intervene	0.99	(0.933, 1.050)	1.13**	(1.046, 1.225)
Safety	0.65***	(0.584, 0.726)	0.57***	(0.519, 0.633)
Connectedness	0.70***	(0.627, 0.774)	1.03	(0.895, 1.189)
School-level variables
Student-teacher ratio	1.019	(0.999, 1.040)	0.994	(0.967, 1.023)
% Free and reduced meals	1.003	(0.997, 1.010)	1.003	(0.994, 1.013)
% Suspension	0.997	(0.991, 1.002)	1.001	(0.993, 1.010)
% Minority	0.996*	(0.993, 0.999)	0.993***	(0.990, 0.997)
School climate	0.961	(0.406, 2.276)	1.405	(0.668, 2.955)

Proportion variance explained		60.4%		81.5%

Notes. ; OR: adjusted odds ratio; CI: confidence interval. Frequent victimization is 2 or more times a month, *, **, and ***.