Research Article

Contemporaneous and Lagged Effects of Life Domains and Substance Use: A Test of Agnew's General Theory of Crime and Delinquency

Table 1

Descriptive statistics of samples.

N Mean/%SDRange

Time 1 demographics
 Gender (1 = male; 0 = female) 80870.47 0.50 0-1
 Race
  African American (1 = AA; 0 = other race) 8056 0.080.27 0-1
  White (1 = white; 0 = other race) 8056 0.73 0.44 0-1
 Parent education
  Less than high school 6130.08
  High school grad/GED 15410.19
  Some college 32800.41
  Bachelor degree 1287 0.16
  Master degree or equivalent 7880.10
  Ph.D./M.D./other 455 0.06
  Family SES quartile (1 = low; 2 = medium; 3 = high) 7966 2.09 0.70 1–3
 School type (1 = public; 0 = private) 80870.86 0.35 0-1
 School area (1 = urban; 2 = suburban; 3 = rural) 8074 2.06 0.77 1–3
Time 1 victimization 8056 0.570.50 0-1
Time 2 demographics
 Gender (1 = male; 0 = female) 6070 0.49 0.50 0-1
 Race
  African American (1 = AA; 0 = other race) 6062 0.09 0.28 0-1
   White (1 = white; 0 = other race) 60620.710.45 0-1
 Parent education
  Less than high school 3030.06
  High school grad/GED 11050.18
  Some college 2351 0.39
  Bachelor degree 1096 0.18
  Master degree or equivalent6780.11
  Ph.D./M.D./other 497 0.07
 Family SES quartile (1 = low; 2 = medium; 3 = high) 5952 2.16 0.70 1–3
 School type (1 = public; 0 = private) 6058 0.84 0.37 0-1
 School area (1 = urban; 2 = suburban; 3 = rural) 6044 2.02 0.771–3
Substance use
 T0 prior smoking cigarettes (1 = yes; 0 = no) 7702 0.04 0.19 0-1
 T1 drank alcohol (1 = yes; 0 = no) 73320.410.49 0-1
 T1 used marijuana (1 = yes; 0 = no) 7484 0.060.24 0-1
 T2 drank alcohol (1 = yes; 0 = no) 5403 0.500.500-1
 T2 used marijuana (1 = yes; 0 = no) 5233 0.090.28 0-1
Time 1 life domains
 T1 low self-control 8085 9.43.081–30
 T1 attitudes favorable to deviance 806722.345.809–64
 T1 close communication with parents 7441 11.52 2.641–18
 T1 poor supervision/discipline 7569 16.834.191–28
 T1 negative treatment by teacher 7996 1.94 .681–4
 T1 negative attachment to school 8015 6.411.591–12
 T1 low educational goals 8012 3.452.001–9
 T1 homework time6934 5.142.510–14
 T1 conventional peers7742 8.502.071–15
Time 2 life domains
 T2 low self-control 6104 9.44 2.901–24
 T2 close communication with parents 5416 12.62 2.93 2–18
 T2 negative attachment to school 60553.99 1.09 2–8
 T2 low educational goals 4929 2.42 1.71 1–9
 T2 homework time 54106.532.79 0–14
 T2 conventional peers5767 11.542.08 1–15