An Integrated FDD Approach for an Intensified HEX/Reactor

Table 2

Fault scenarios.

Type of fault	descriptions
Fault 1	Slow drift of the sensor output; a linear increasing signal is added to the measured output
Fault 2	Abrupt constant bias in sensor; a step disturbance is added to the sensor output
Fault 3	A time-varying bias exceeds domain of overall heat transfer coefficient
Fault 4	A positive jump in overall heat transfer coefficient
Fault 5	Abrupt switch to zero of actuator of mass flowrate
Fault 6	Decrease in actuator of fluid flowrate