Dry Powder Inhalers: A Focus on Advancements in Novel Drug Delivery Systems

Table 2

Example of nanoparticulate inhaled formulation along with the key findings.

Drug	Method of preparation	Major ingredient	Assembly, device, capsules, and flow rate (L/min)	Percentage of FPF	Reference
Nanoparticles
Carvedilol	Antisolvent precipitation-ultrasonication followed by LP.	Pluronic F-127, sodium deoxycholate, and mannitol	ACI, Aerolizer®, #3, and 60 for 4 sec	81.90 ± 4.30	[25]
Calcium-disodium EDTA	Antisolvent precipitation followed by SD	Calcium-disodium EDTA and PVA	ACI, HPMC, and 60 for 5 Sec	67.35 ± 2.27	[26]
Salmon calcitonin	Ionic gelation method followed by SD	Sodium tripolyphosphate, chitosan, and Mannitol	ACI, glass inhaler device, and 60	63.50	[27]
Nanoparticle agglomerates
Budesonide	Antisolvent precipitation-ultrasonication followed by LP	Lecithin, cetyl alcohol, L-leucine, PVP, and Span 85	ACI and 60	95.9 ± 1.5	[28]
Levofloxacin	Emulsification solvent-evaporation method followed by SFD	Polycaprolactone, mannitol, and leucine	NGI, powder entrainment tube, and 85	30.00	[29]
Fluticasone propionate and albuterol sulfate (2 : 1 w/w)	Antisolvent precipitation followed by precipitation and homogenization	Lecithin, cetyl alcohol, L-leucine, PVP-K90, and Pluronic F-127	ACI, #3 gelatin, and 28.3 for 4 Sec	Fluticasone propionate, 84 ± 7, and albuterol sulfate, 70 ± 3	[30]
Theophylline (nanorods agglomerates)	Antisolvent precipitation-ultrasonication followed by LP	Stearic acid	ACI, Aerolizer, and 60	81.9 ± 4.30	[31]
Microparticulate/nanoparticulate systems
Azithromycin	co-SD	Methanol	NGI, HandiHaler, #3 HPMC, and 60 for 10 sec	53.45 ± 3.60	[32]
Paclitaxel	co-SD	DPPC and DPPG	NGI, HandiHaler, #3 HPMC, and 60 for 10 sec	86.7 ± 2.60	[33]
Paclitaxel	co-SD	DPPC and DPPE-PEG	NGI, HandiHaler, #3 HPMC, and 60 for 10 sec	77.9 ± 7.00	[34]
Tobramycin	co-SD	Methanol	NGI, HandiHaler, #3 HPMC, and 60 for 10 sec	28.48 ± 3.39	[32]
Tobramycin	Emulsion diffusion followed by co-SD	PLGA and PVA	MSLI, Turbospin, and gelatin	52 ± 1.00	[35]
Sodium cromoglicate	Liquid antisolvent precipitation followed by immediate SD	Deionized water	MSLI, monodose inhaler device, #3 HPMC, and 60	62.02 ± 2.12	[36]

SD: spray drying; co-SD: closed spray drying; FD: freeze drying; SFD: spray freeze drying; LP: lyophilization; PLGA: poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid); PVA: poly(vinyl alcohol); PVP: polyvinylpyrrolidone; DPPC: dipalmitoyl phosphatidylcholine; DPPG: dipalmitoylphosphatidylglycerol.