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Reference | Population/Animals | ECG marker | Clinical significance | Clinical points |
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Classical ECG markers in CAN and diabetes |
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[73] | Zucker Diabetic Fatty rats | ↑ R wave amplitude, ↑ QT intervals,↓ HRV | Early diagnosis of CAN, Diabetic Cardiomyopathy | Beneficial effect of aerobic exercise in R wave amplitude |
[74] | 682 T2D + coronary heart disease | ↑ QTc | ↑ risk for sudden cardiac death | Idiopathic QT prolongation:5-fold ↑ risk of SCD |
[75] | 1.226 T1D patients | ↓ QTc | ↓ incidence of CAN with intensive diabetic treatment | 14 years follow-up endpoint |
[76] | 18 healthy subjects, 30–40 years | ↓ PR, ↑ QTc, ↓ T-wave amplitude, ↓ ST | Early diagnosis of CAN, Arrhythmia | severe arrhythmias and “dead-in-bed” syndrome in unrecognized hypoglycemia |
[77] | 1.720 T2D patients + healthy | QTc > 440 msec, ↓ HRV | ↑ mortality | ↑ QT dispersion not significant predictor |
[78] | 100 T1D and T2D patients | ↑ QTc | CAN | Association with age, diabetes duration, severity of CAN |
[79] | 192 T2D patients | ↑ QTc, ↑ QT dispersion | 12-y CVD risk | Superior to ABI, CAN test for CVD risk |
[80] | 80 T1D patients | ↑ QTc | CAN | Absence of ventricular late potentials in QTc |
[81] | 8.185 healthy people | ↓ HRV and ↑ Heart Rate > 73 bpm | 60% ↑ risk of T2D | Independent of CVD disease, age, gender, life and style |
[82] | 105 T1D and T2D patients | ↑ QTc > 440 msec | ↑ CAN severity (Ewing score) | Association with age, obesity, hypertension, diabetes duration and control, diabetic treatment |
[83] | 26 males with diabetes | ↑ QTc | ↑ 3-year SCD risk in CAN | Independent of age, diabetes duration |
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Vectorcardiography: the alternative proposition in CAN and diabetes |
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[84] | 5.781, age ≥ 55 years, 12.7% with diabetes | Spatial QRS-T angle ≥ 75° | 4-fold ↑ risk of 4-year CVD and SCD | 3-fold ↑ risk of fatal and nonfatal CVD events |
[85] | 4.173, 14% with diabetes | Spatial QRS-T angle ≥ 45° | 50%↑ risk of 7-year incident CVD | 50%↑ risk of 7-year total mortality |
[56] | 6.134, 10% with diabetes | Spatial QRS-T angle ≥ 105° | 5-fold ↑ risk of CVD death | 2-fold ↑ risk of SCD and total mortality |
[86] | 142 women, 32% with diabetes | Spatial QRS-T angle ≥ 49° | 1.5-fold ↑ risk of CVD events | 3-year prospective study |
[3] | 232 T2D patients | ↑ spatial QRS-T angle | ↑ incidence of CAN ↑ incidence of Diabetic Cardiomyopathy | Association with HRV (↓parasympathetic tone and ↑ sympathetic tone or sympathovagal imbalance) |
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