Clinical Study

Impact of GLP-1 Receptor Agonists on Major Gastrointestinal Disorders for Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: A Mixed Treatment Comparison Meta-Analysis

Table 4

MTC meta-analysis results by stratification of treatment course showing the effect of different GLP-1 dose versus placebo on GI AEs.

GI disorderTreatmentMTC estimate (95% CI) of different treatment course
≤12 weeks>12 weeks≥26 weeks≥52 weeks

Nausea

No. of studies412145
Placebo (ref.)
EX10BID29.52 (2.89,301.80)7.95 (3.30,19.17)5.12 (2.16, 12.12)123.84 (19.81,1145.96)
EX2QW1.82 (0.42, 7.89)3.53 (0.60, 20.61)
EX5BID6.87 (0.37, 128.05)3.27 (0.72, 14.78)3.37 (1.12, 10.11)
LIR063.00 (0.22, 40.79)3.60 (1.22,12.13)
LIR123.31 (0.25, 44.56)10.08 (1.78,57.09)5.45 (1.99,17.62)
LIR184.08 (0.31, 54.22)3.68 (0.96, 14.14)6.75 (2.47,22.15)
CT0.42 (0.09, 1.90)
0.30 (0.09, 0.99)
1.19 (0.42, 3.89)

Vomiting

No. of studies211145
Placebo (ref.)
EX10BID1.97 (0.26, 15.15)17.25 (4.48,72.75)4.07 (1.53,10.83)21.28 (0.72, 1095.54)
EX2QW16.54 (1.69,167)1.87 (0.29, 12.12)
EX5BID5.92 (0.82, 42.91)4.51 (1.35,15.08)
LIR0630.14 (1.26,724.88)17.90 (1.06,703.45)
LIR1239.92 (1.71,951.46)8.06 (0.73, 89.06)14.43 (0.94, 506.23)
LIR1863.82 (2.74,1513.23)3.81 (0.83, 17.61)15.77 (1.03,557.80)
CT6.09 (0.79, 46.99)0.44 (0.11, 1.69)
3.66 (0.2, 131.37)

Diarrhea

No. of studies110125
Placebo (ref.)
EX10BID8.22 (0.39, 172.98)
1.95 (0.73, 5.19)2.13 (1.22,3.6)8.76 (2.00,38.43)
EX2QW4.09 (0.57, 29.47)2.2 (0.85, 5.37)
EX5BID10.88 (0.54, 219.83)1.99 (0.32, 12.30)1.7 (0.94, 3.09)
LIR062.49 (0.16, 39.90)3.73 (1.15,12.15)
LIR123.29 (0.20, 53.46)29.78 (6.91,150.05)3.28 (1.11,9.75)
LIR183.73 (0.23, 59.56)2.53 (1.14, 5.28)4.57 (1.53, 13.61)
CT1.67 (0.20, 13.76)
0.85 (0.41, 1.66)
1.80 (0.61, 5.29)

EX5BID: exenatide 5 μg twice daily; EX10BID: exenatide 10 μg twice daily; EX2QW: exenatide 2 mg once weekly; LIR0.6: liraglutide 0.6 mg once daily; LIR1.2: liraglutide 1.2 mg once daily; LIR1.8: liraglutide 1.8 mg once daily. CT: conventional treatment. —: no available comparison; MTC: mixed treatment comparison.