The Role of Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress in Autoimmune-Mediated Beta-Cell Destruction in Type 1 Diabetes

Figure 1

The regulatory role of unfolded protein response (UPR). Various physiological and pathological insults can result in the accumulation of unfolded proteins which then induces UPR and ER stress. In response to stressful insults, UPR regulates secretory pathway via following mechanisms: (1) enhancing (red arrow) the expression of ER chaperones and foldases to increase the folding capacity of ER; (2) attenuating (blue) the biosynthetic burden of secretory pathway through downregulating the expression of secreted proteins (purple arrow); (3) promoting the clearance of unfolded proteins by activating ERAD (orange arrow).