Long-Term Consequences for Offspring of Paternal Diabetes and Metabolic Syndrome

Table 2

Proportion of puberal state, values >95th of the entire group, and number of abnormalities according to antecedents of diabetes or metabolic syndrome in their parents compared with healthy parents.

Variable in; offspring	Healthy father and; mother; 𝑛=114  (1)	Diabetic father and; healthy mother; 𝑛=4  (2)	Diabetic mother and; healthy father; 𝑛=78  (3)	Both parents with; diabetes; 𝑛=22  (4)	Diabetic father and MS, healthy mother; 𝑛=19  (5)	Diabetic mother and MS,; healthy father; 𝑛=23  (6)	𝑃
Pubertal stage 𝑛 (%)
Prepuber	18 (15.8)	11 (24.4)	13 (16.6)	5 (22.7)	5 (26.3)	3 (13.0)	0.41
Puber	27 (23.6)	10 (22.2)	23 (29.5)	0 (0)	4 (21.1)	4 (17.4)
Postpuber	41 (35.9)	14 (31.1)	22 (28.2)	9 (40.9)	8 (42.1)	11 (47.8)
Young adult	98 (87.9)	10 (22.2)	20 (25.6)	8 (36.4)	2 (10.5)	5 (21.7)
Variables >95th 𝑛 (%)	114	45	78	22	19	23
BMI	48 (42.1)	31 (68.9)	34 (43.6)	11 (50.0)	11 (57.9)	9 (39.1)	0.04
SBP	46 (40.3)	22 (48.9)	34 (43.6)	12 (54.5)	8 (42.1)	12 (52.2)	0.84
DBP	46 (40.3)	21 (46.6)	33 (42.3)	11 (50.0)	8 (42.1)	12 (52.2)	0.81
Glucose	34 (29.8)	22 (48.9)	34 (43.6)	10 (45.4)	9 (47.4)	12 (52.2)	0.11
Total cholesterol	41 (35.9)	23 (51.1)	38 (48.7)	11 (50.0)	14 (73.7)	12 (52.2)	0.03
HDL-Chol	32 (28.1)	12 (26.7)	29 (37.2)	7 (31.8)	8 (42.1)	12 (52.2)	0.20
Triglycerides	48 (42.1)	21 (46.6)	38 (48.7)	14 (63.6)	12 (63.1)	12 (52.2)	0.33
Number of variables <95th	2 (2-3)	4 (3-4)	3 (2-3)	3.5 (2–5)	4 (2–4)	3 (2–5)	0.009