Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Genotype and Peripheral Arterial Disease in Diabetic Patients

Table 4

Gene-environment models evaluating the interaction between insertion/deletion (I/D) polymorphism of angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) genotypes and traditional risk factors including hypertension, smoking, and dyslipidemia in peripheral arterial disease.

Risk factor	ACE genotype	Total 𝑁	Peripheral arterial; disease, 𝑛 (%)		Adjusted odds ratio; (95% confidence interval)	𝑃-value	Synergy index of multiplicativity	Synergy index; of additivity
			No	Yes
Hypertension
No	II/ID	349	334	15	1.00		1.23 (0.19–8.01)	2.01 (0.32–12.8)
	DD	37	35	2	2.10 (0.40–11.17)	0.383
Yes	II/ID	508	454	54	2.09 (1.07–4.07)	0.030
	DD	51	41	10	5.41 (2.05–14.31)	0.001
Smoking
Never smokers	II/ID	553	510	43	1.00		1.21 (0.25–5.87)	2.16 (0.43–10.80)
	DD	58	50	8	2.33 (0.94–5.81)	0.069
Ever smokers	II/ID	303	277	26	2.63 (1.16–5.96)	0.021
	DD	30	26	4	7.38 (1.87–29.06)	0.004
Dyslipidemia
No	II/ID	299	284	15	1.00		1.21 (0.23–6.37)	1.88 (0.29–12.04)
	DD	35	32	3	2.16 (0.53–8.90)	0.285
Yes	II/ID	558	504	54	1.77 (0.92–3.43)	0.088
	DD	53	44	9	4.64 (1.70–12.64)	0.003