Stepwise Increases in Left Ventricular Mass Index and Decreases in Left Ventricular Ejection Fraction Correspond with the Stages of Chronic Kidney Disease in Diabetes Patients

Table 3

Determinants of left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) in study patients.

Characteristics	Univariate		Multivariate (forward)
	Standardized coefficient 𝛽	P	Standardized coefficient 𝛽	P
Age (year)	0.062	0.297	—	—
Male versus female	−0.223	<0.001	−0.227	<0.001
Smoking(ever versus never)	−0.090	0.130	—	—
Coronary artery disease	−0.169	0.004	−0.153	0.008
Cerebrovascular disease	−0.071	0.235	—	—
Congestive heart failure	−0.155	0.009	—	—
CKD stage	−0.151	0.011	−0.173	0.007
Systolic blood pressure (mmHg)	−0.038	0.528	—	—
Diastolic blood pressure (mmHg)	−0.092	0.130	—	—
Pulse pressure (mmHg)	0.020	0.747	—	—
Body mass index (kg/m^2)	0.010	0.871	—	—
Laboratory parameters
Albumin (g/L)	0.258	< 0.001	0.188	0.003
Fasting glucose (mmol/L)	−0.097	0.107	—	—
HbA1c (%)	−0.040	0.509
Triglyceride (Log mmol/L)	−0.039	0.518	—	—
Cholesterol (mmol/L)	−0.069	0.247	—	—
Hemoglobin (g/L)	0.103	0.083	—	—
Calcium (mmol/L)	0.122	0.044
Phosphate (mmol/L)	−0.168	0.005
Calcium-phosphorous product (mmol^2/L^2)	−0.103	0.088	—	—
Uric acid (μmol/L)	−0.146	0.015	—	—
Proteinuria	−0.096	0.106	—	—
Medications
Aspirin use (%)	−0.132	0.028	—	—
ACEI and/or ARB use (%)	0.203	0.001	0.143	0.014
Non-ACEI and/or ARB antihypertensive drug use (%)	0.048	0.422	—	—
Statin use (%)	0.004	0.951	—	—

Values expressed as standardized coefficient 𝛽. Abbreviations are the same as Table 1.