Cardiac Autonomic Imbalance in Newly Diagnosed and Established Diabetes Is Associated with Markers of Adipose Tissue Inflammation

Table 1

Baseline characteristics of study subjects.

Characteristics	Controls	Newly diagnosed T2D	Established T2D	𝑃 value
	(𝑛=15)	(𝑛=15)	(𝑛=15)
Age (years)	51.47±2.63	53.53±3.80	55.87±1.99	NS
Diabetes duration (months)	NA	2.80±0.45	132.0±18.55	<0.0001*
Systolic blood pressure (mmHg)	126.73±3.13	129.40±4.9	131.93±3.32	NS
Diastolic blood pressure (mmHg)	77.53±2.01	77.73±2.23	77.6±1.81	NS
Resting heart rate (bpm)	73.67±2.97	66.60±2.74	76.6±3.44	NS
BMI (kg/m^2)	30.16±2.09	35.27±2.22	35.39±1.68	NS
Waist circumference (cm)	39.10±2.08	44.53±1.87	43.43±1.63	NS
Waist-hip ratio	0.91±0.03	0.95±0.02	0.92±0.02	NS
Percent body fat	26.39±2.91	37.05±2.03	38.71±2.07	0.0012^#
Fasting plasma glucose (mmol/L)	5.32±0.13	6.12±0.34	7.87±0.84	0.0045*
Fasting plasma insulin (pmol/L)	74.93±11.1	133.3±27.48	115.47±31.06	NS
Fasting C-peptide (nmol/L)	0.70±0.07	1.14±0.15	1.03±0.17	NS
A1C (%)	5.29±0.19	6.95±0.42	7.93±0.33	<0.0001^#
Fasting total cholesterol (mmol/L)	5.15±0.20	4.87±0.31	4.37±0.24	NS
Fasting triglycerides (mmol/L)	1.02±0.15	1.13±0.17	1.39±0.24	NS
HDL cholesterol (mmol/L)	1.33±0.08	1.41±0.09	1.34±0.13	NS
LDL cholesterol (mmol/L)	3.34±0.17	2.59±0.31	2.39±0.21	0.0157^#
C-reactive protein (nmol/L)	45.33±18.29	13.91±4.00	43.72±20.76	NS

Data are presented as means ± SE. NA: not applicable; NS: not significant. *Established T2D versus controls/newly diagnosed T2D. ^#Newly diagnosed/established T2D versus controls.