Associations of Existing Diabetes, Gestational Diabetes, and Glycosuria with Offspring IQ and Educational Attainment: The Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children

Table 3

Associations of pre-existing diabetes, gestational diabetes, and glycosuria with School Entry Assessment score, IQ and GCSE results using imputed datasets.

	No diabetes/glycosuria	Pre-existing diabetes	Gestational diabetes	Glycosuria
	Reference category	Mean difference; (95% CI)	Mean difference; (95% CI)	Mean difference; (95% CI)
School Entry Assessment 𝑁 = 8,127	𝑁=7,786	𝑁=33	𝑁=39	𝑁=269
M1	0	−0.81 (−1.84, 0.24)	−0.20 (−1.18, 0.77)	−0.59(−0.97, −0.22)
M2	0	−0.97 (−1.98, 0.04)	−0.06 (−0.99, 0.86)	−0.42 (−0.77, −0.06)
M3	0	−0.93 (−1.94, 0.08)	−0.01 (−0.94, 0.91)	−0.40 (−0.76, 0.91)
IQ (Total)^†𝑁=6,630	𝑁=6,354	𝑁=28	𝑁=32	𝑁=216
M1	0	−5.64 (−11.57, 0.29)	−6.44 (−12.09, −0.79)	−2.69 (−4.86, −0.79)
M2	0	−4.45 (−10.04, 1.14)	−3.36 (−8.73, 2.00)	−1.98 (−4.03, 0.08)
M3	0	−4.33 (−9.94, 1.28)	−3.20 (−8.58, 2.17)	−2.00 (−4.06, 0.06)
Verbal IQ^†𝑁=6,630	𝑁=6,354	𝑁=28	𝑁=32	𝑁=216
M1	0	−4.10 (−10.13, 1.92)	−5.61 (−11.25, 0.04)	−3.23 (−5.43, −1.03)
M2	0	−3.07 (−8.77, 2.62)	−2.63 (−7.98, 2.72)	−2.62 (−4.71, −0.53)
M3	0	−3.08 (−8.79, 2.63)	−2.56 (−7.93, 2.80)	−2.63 (−4.72, −0.54)
Performance IQ^†𝑁=6,630	𝑁=6,354	𝑁=28	𝑁=32	𝑁=216
M1	0	−6.64 (−12.91, −0.36)	−5.75 (−11.99, 0.49)	−1.51 (−3.82, 0.80)
M2	0	−5.56 (−11.66, 0.53)	−3.32 (−9.42, 2.79)	−0.86 (−3.12, 1.39)
M3	0	−5.27 (−11.38, 0.85)	−3.06 (−9.17, 3.05)	−0.90 (−3.15, 1.35)
	Reference category	Odds ratio (95% CI)	Odds ratio (95% CI)	Odds ratio (95% CI)
GCSE: 5+ A*-C (high achievement) 𝑁=10,198	𝑁=9,776	𝑁=38	𝑁=50	𝑁=334
M1	1	0.65 (0.34, 1.25)	0.93 (0.53, 1.66)	0.78 (0.62, 0.98)
M2	1	0.56 (0.28, 1.11)	1.11 (0.61, 2.03)	0.88 (0.69, 1.12)
M3	1	0.56 (0.28, 1.11)	1.10 (0.60, 2.02)	0.88 (0.69, 1.12)
GCSE: 0 A*-C (low achievement) 𝑁=10,198	𝑁=9,776	𝑁=38	𝑁=50	𝑁=334
M1	1	1.92 (0.92, 4.03)	0.72 (0.30, 1.70)	1.31 (0.99, 1.72)
M2	1	2.48 (1.15, 5.38)	0.64 (0.26, 1.56)	1.12 (0.83, 1.50)
M3	1	2.47 (1.14, 5.35)	0.63 (0.226, 1.55)	1.12 (0.83, 1.50)

M1: Adjusted for sex and maternal age at birth.
M2: As in M1 plus adjustment for pre-pregnancy BMI, maternal smoking in pregnancy, parity, mode of delivery, maternal education and social class.
M3: As in M2 plus adjustment for gestational age, birth weight standardized for gestational age, and duration of breast feeding.
^†Models for IQ adjusted for age at assessment.
*Coefficients in the second part of the table are odds ratios (95%CI).