Insulin Sensitivity and Beta-Cell Function Are Associated with Arterial Stiffness in Individuals without Hypertension

Table 1

Baseline characteristics of the participants.

	NGT	Pre-DM	DM	P value	Age and gender
	(𝑛=1990)	(𝑛=843)	(𝑛=304)		Adjusted P
Age (year)	54.71 ± 8.21^a,c	57.81 ± 8.50	58.18 ± 8.41	<0.001
Gender (male/female)	708/1082	358/485	147/157	<0.001
BMI (Kg/m^2)	23.40 ± 2.89^a,c	24.78 ± 3.23^b	25.79 ± 3.03	<0.001	<0.001
WHR	0.86 ± 0.67	0.89 ± 0.63	0.90 ± 630.79	<0.001	<0.001
FPG (mmol/L)	5.35 ± 0.35^a,c	5.83 ± 0.52^b	7.45 ± 1.85	<0.001	<0.001
30 min PG	8.52 ± 1.52^a,c	10.17 ± 1.48^b	12.82 ± 2.68	<0.001	<0.001
120 min PG	6.04 ± 1.02^a,c	8.49 ± 1.35^b	13.89 ± 3.78	<0.001	<0.001
HbA1c (%)	5.60 ± 0.37^a,c	5.82 ± 0.400^b	6.85 ± 1.32	<0.001	<0.001
HDL (mmol/L)	1.39 ± 0.35^a,c	1.32 ± 0.32	1.29 ± 0.29	<0.001	<0.001
LDL (mmol/L)	1.83 ± 0.75^a	2.93 ± 0.82	3.04 ± 0.82	<0.001	<0.001
TG (mmol/L)	1.38 ± 0.92^a,c	1.74 ± 1.12^b	1.97 ± 1.31	<0.001	<0.001
CHOL (mmol/L)	4.85 ± 0.96^a,c	4.99 ± 1.03	5.11 ± 1.03	<0.001	<0.001
SBP (mmHg)	123.43 ± 15.40^a,c	130.58 ± 16.13^b	136.16 ± 18.89	<0.001	<0.001
DBP (mmHg)	76.72 ± 10.13^a,c	76.69 ± 10.50^b	82.02 ± 11.70	<0.001	<0.001
baPWV (cm/s)	1424.36 ± 272.94^a,c	1561.87 ± 330.39^b	1657.71 ± 327.62	<0.001	<0.001
INS0	11.60 ± 7.26	12.40 ± 8.52	13.73 ± 9.61	<0.001	<0.001
INS30	71.56 ± 54.28^c	71.59 ± 56.57^b	44.70 ± 40.01	<0.001	<0.001
INS120	48.74 ± 39.30^a,c	90.37 ± 69.90	89.60 ± 65.86	<0.001	<0.001

BMI: body mass index, WHR: waist-hip ratio, FPG: fasting plasma glucose, HDL: high-density lipoprotein, LDL: low-density lipoprotein, TG: triglyceride, CHOL: cholesterol, SBP: systolic blood pressure, and DBP: diastolic blood pressure.
INS0: fasting serum insulin, INS30: 30-minute serum insulin, INS120: 120-minute serum insulin, HbA1c: hemoglobin A1c, and baPWV: brachial-ankle pulse wave velocity.
^aNGT versus Pre-DM, 𝑃<0.05.
^bPre-DM versus DM, 𝑃<0.05.
^cNGT versus DM, 𝑃<0.05.