Adaptive Immunity, Inflammation, and Cardiovascular Complications in Type 1 and Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus

Table 1

Clinical characteristics of study population.

	T1DM	T2DM	Controls	𝑃 value
Number of patients	55	55	60
Sex (M/F)	37/18	36/19	34/26	0.118
Age (mean ± SD)	45.2 ± 14	62 ± 10	55.7 ± 11.8	0.037^a
Risk factors
Hypercholesterolemia, 𝑛 (%)	31 (56%)	20 (36%)	17 (28%)	0.048^b
Hypertension, 𝑛 (%)	26 (47%)	37 (67%)	48 (80%)	0.015^c
Smoke, 𝑛 (%)	22 (40%)	19 (35%)	26 (43%)	0.63
Family history of IHD, 𝑛 (%)	26 (47%)	37 (67%)	18 (30%)	0.002^d
Medications
Oral antidiabetic drugs, 𝑛 (%)	8 (15%)	44 (80%)	NA	<0.001
Insulin, 𝑛 (%)	54 (98%)	15 (27%)	NA	<0.001
Statins, 𝑛 (%)	25 (45%)	24 (44%)	7 (12%)	<0.001^e
Disease complications
Microvascular complications; (nephropathy, neuropathy, and retinopathy)	25 (45%)	28 (51%)	NA	0.33
Macrovascular complications; (CAD, PVD, and cerebrovascular diseases)	18 (33%)	37 (67%)	NA	0.005
Antropometric parameters (mean ± SD)
BMI (kg/m^2)	24.4±3.5	27.8±5.2	25.9±3.8	0.003^f
Waist circumference (cm)	81±10	93±12.6	79±7	0.002^f
HbA1c (%)	7.4±0.4	7.6±1.4	NA	0.418
Mean duration of DM (years)	18.5±10.4	13.5±8.9	NA	0.020
Laboratory assay (mean ± SD)
Total cholesterol (mg/dL)	196.5±30	178.5±49.3	183.5±43.5	0.018^g
LDL (mg/dL)	100.9±44.7	104.6±37.8	112.2±40.1	0.65
HDL (mg/dL)	62±13.7	49.6±11	50.3±15.6	<0.001^a
Triglycerides (mg/dL)	99.2±38.4	126.6±61.3	111.1±60.7	0.029^h
Lymphocyte count (10^9/L)	1.5±0.5	1.6±0.5	1.9±0.6	0.4
Total CD4^+ T-cell frequency (%)	50.3±20.2	50.5±19.7	50.4±23.6	0.4
hs-CRP (mg/L), median (range)	1.0 (0.2–9.1)	3.4 (0.2–21.9)	1.1 (0.2–7.9)	<0.001^i
Frequency of different T-cell subsets
Expressed as percentage of the entire CD4^+ T-cell population, median (range)
CD4^+CD28^null T-cell (%)	6.9 (0.4–32.8)	3.6 (0.2–22.5)	1.5 (0.2–8.0)	<0.001^j
CD4^+Foxp3^+ T-cell (Treg) (%)	1.5 (0.5–3.3)	2.1 (0.3–12.3)	7.8 (4.1–12.0)	<0.001^k
CD4^+CD28^null/Treg ratio	4.3 (0.7–26.4)	1.3 (0.1–66.5)	0.2 (0.1–1.3)	<0.001^l

DM: diabetes mellitus; IHD: ischemic heart disease; CAD: coronary artery disease; PVD: peripheral vascular disease; BMI: body mass index; HbA1c: glycosylated haemoglobin A1c; hs-CRP: high-sensitivity C-reactive protein.
^a𝑃<0.001 T1DM versus T2DM and controls.
^b𝑃<0.05 T1DM versus T2DM and controls.
^c𝑃<0.001 controls versus T1DM.
^d𝑃<0.001 T2DM versus controls.
^e𝑃<0.05 T1DM and T2DM versus controls.
^f 𝑃<0.001 T2DM versus T1DM and controls.
^g𝑃<0.05 T1DM versus T2DM.
^h𝑃<0.05 T2DM versus T1DM.
ⁱ𝑃<0.001 T2DM versus T1DM and controls.
^j𝑃<0.001 T1DM (higher frequency) versus T2DM and controls; also, 𝑃<0.001 T2DM versus controls.
^k𝑃<0.001 T1DM (lower frequency) versus T2DM and controls; also, 𝑃<0.001 T2DM versus controls.
^l𝑃<0.001 T1DM versus T2DM and controls; also, 𝑃<0.001 T2DM versus controls.