Review Article

Inflammation and Oxidative Stress in Diabetic Nephropathy: New Insights on Its Inhibition as New Therapeutic Targets

Figure 1

Schematic diagram on the progression of diabetic nephropathy and its inhibition. AGEs: advanced glycation end products; PKC: protein kinase C; COX-2: cyclooxygense-2; Nrf2: NFE2-related factor 2; NADPH: nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate; MAPK: mitogen-activated protein kinase; MCP-1: monocyte-chemoattractant protein-1; IL-6: interleukin-6; TNF-α: tumor necrosis factor-α; GLP-1: glucagon like peptide-1; DPP-4: dipeptidyl peptidase-4; NO: nitric oxide; ARB: AT1 receptor blockers; ACEI: angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors; NF-κB: nuclear factor-κB; CTGF: connective tissue growth factor; TGF-β: transforming growth factor-β; VEGF: vascular endothelial growth factor; SHP-1: Src homology-2 domain-containing phosphatase-1; PPAR-γ: peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ; PPS: pentosan polysulfate.
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