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| Reference/year | Subjects/country | The intervention and control diets | The duration of intervention | Depression assessment | findings |
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Ma et al. [36], 2008 | 40 individuals with poorly controlled type 2 diabetes, USA | Parallel and randomized clinical trial/Low GI versus ADA dietary education | 12 months | Center for Epidemiological Studies-Depression Scale (CES-D) | In spite of a slight improvement in both dietary interventions, changes in depressive symptoms did not reach significant difference between 2 interventions |
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Mwamburi et al. [37], 2011 | 976 homebound elders (30% of participants with type 2 diabetes), USA | Cross-sectional study | — | Center for Epidemiological Studies-Depression Scale (CES-D) | Depressed patients had higher dietary GI than non-depressed. |
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Umegaki et al. [38], 2009 | 653 elderly diabetic patients, Japan | Cross-sectional study | — | GDS-15 scores of 6 and higher | Positive association between higher percentage of carbohydrate intake and depression in women but not men |
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Ciarambino et al. [39], 2011 | 52-years-old type 2 diabetic patients with renal failure, Italy | At first a normal protein diet (1.2 g/kg/d), then randomization for consuming either an LPD (0.8 g/kg/d) for 7 d a wk (LPD 7/7) or for 6 d a wk (LPD 6/7) | 4 weeks | Geriatric Depression Scale (GDS-15) and Beck Depression
Inventory (BDI) | 7/7 LPD increased the symptoms of depression versus normal protein diet. |
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Ciarambino et al. [40], 2012 | 38 elderly Type 2 diabetic patients with CRD (Stage 3–4), Italy | After 4 weeks on a normal protein diet (1.0 g/kg/d), participants were assigned for an LPD (0.7 g/kg/day), either 7 days a week (LPD 7/7) or 6 days a week (LPD 6/7). | 30 months | Geriatric Depression Scale (GDS-15) | 7/7 LPD significantly leads to more increment in the score of geriatric depression scale (GDS-15) rather than 6/7 LPD. |
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Stanger et al. [41], 2009 | 25 DM (type 1 or 2) and
MDD, who used their current antidepressant medication for at least two months, Netherlands | Randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial/comparing add-on ethyl-EPA-supplementation (1 g/d) to placebo | 12 weeks | DSM-IV | No beneficial effects of EPA on depressive symptoms |
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Bot et al. [42], 2010 | 25 DM and MDD patients, who were already using antidepressant medication, Netherlands | Randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind, parallel-group/comparing add-on ethyl-EPA-supplementation (1 g/d) to placebo | 12 weeks | DSM-IV | No beneficial effects of EPA on depressive symptoms |
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