Serum Concentrations of Transforming Growth Factor-Beta 1 in Predicting the Occurrence of Diabetic Retinopathy in Juvenile Patients with Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus

Table 2

Serum TGF-𝛽1 levels in T1DM patients and healthy controls.

	Patients with T1DM and; NPDR (+)	Patients with T1DM and without; DR (−)	Healthy control subjects	Statistical significance
TGF-𝛽1 (pg/mL)	1530±465	758±424	156±49	𝑃=0.003^†; 𝑃=0.001^††

Data are presented as means ± SD.
†Differences between juvenile patients with and without retinopathy.
††Differences between juvenile patients without retinopathy and healthy control subjects.