The Impact of Hyperglycemic Emergencies on the Kidney and Liver

Table 1

Clinical and biochemical characteristics of the study participants before and after treatment.

Variables	Controls; (𝑛=40)	Stable patient; (𝑛=40)	Total DK, before; (𝑛=40)	Total DKA, before; (𝑛=40)	Total DK, after; (𝑛=40)	Total DKA, after; (𝑛=40)
Female/male (𝑛/𝑛)	20/20	17/23	14/26	22/18	—	—
Age (years)	43±8	49±11	48±16	43±17	—	—
Diabetic type (1/2)	N/A	17/23	18/22	19/21	—	—
Duration of diabetes (years)	N/A	4.00 (0.00–20.00)	0.50^§ (0.00–12.00)	5.50^† (0.00–26.00)	—	—
					—	—
Plasma glucose (mmol/L)	4.73±0.33	10.37±4.56^∗∗	16.69±5.39^∗∗§§	29.05±7.98^∗∗§§††	6.30±1.02^𝜙𝜙	7.39±1.21^𝜙𝜙
HbA1c (%)	5.20±0.24	10.41±2.58^∗∗	13.11±2.64^∗∗§§	12.50±2.08^∗∗§§	—	—
Alanine aminotransferase (U/L)	19.10±5.86	21.95±10.34	20.61±10.72	15.74±5.89^§	24.80±2.11^𝜙	26.35±1.87^𝜙𝜙
Aspartate aminotransferase (U/L)	18.83±4.20	19.13±5.56	18.19±5.71	19.04±10.37	23.09±2.44^𝜙	24.37±2.06^𝜙
𝛾-glutamyl transpeptidase (U/L)	19.00±9.16	30.24±19.19^∗	21.47±12.27^§	17.96±6.99^§	37.07±5.31^𝜙𝜙	36.07±4.25^𝜙𝜙
Total bilirubin (μmol/L)	13.45±4.17	12.32±4.72	14.33±7.81	11.30±4.54	11.85±2.32	12.30±1.55
Direct bilirubin (μmol/L)	4.56±1.51	4.68±1.78	5.48±3.20	4.62±1.65	3.69±1.54	4.09±0.78
Total protein (g/L)	71.34±3.39	70.66±5.03	65.05±6.52^∗∗§	59.40±9.47^∗∗§§†	70.22±4.41^𝜙𝜙	69.87±3.51^𝜙𝜙
Albumin (g/L)	44.25±2.18	43.69±3.28	39.30±5.16^∗∗§§	35.99±5.17^∗∗§§†	41.39±2.94^𝜙𝜙	40.76±1.06^𝜙𝜙
Globulin (g/L)	27.10±2.82	26.56±3.84	25.99±3.82	24.09±6.46^∗	29.16±2.44^𝜙	29.50±2.09^𝜙𝜙
Prealbumin (mg/L)	270.67±30.01	270.07±62.71	212.90±88.90^∗§	137.84±48.30^∗∗§§††	267.85±32.08^𝜙𝜙	265.77±29.91^𝜙𝜙
Serum creatinine (μmol/L)	63.90±11.76	66.67±12.80	61.21±16.14	109.69±74.77^∗∗§§††	60.10±5.54^𝜙𝜙	46.59±5.94^𝜙𝜙
eGFR (mL/min per 1.73 m^2)	105.97±9.90	77.29±14.54^∗∗	84.03±18.85^∗∗	59.90±25.68^∗∗§§††	94.44±18.53^𝜙𝜙	92.80±23.59^𝜙𝜙
Uric acid (μmol/L)	288.57±75.09	260.34±61.32	258.49±99.63	467.22±140.70^∗∗§§††	230.54±31.72^𝜙	210.84±49.62^𝜙𝜙

Comparison with control group: ^∗𝑃<0.05, ^∗∗𝑃<0.001; comparison with stable DM group: ^§𝑃<0.05, ^§§𝑃<0.001; comparison with total DK group: ^†𝑃<0.05, ^††𝑃<0.001; comparison with pretreatment: ^𝜙𝑃<0.05, ^𝜙𝜙𝑃<0.001. All values in the table are given as the mean ± standard deviation, except for the duration of diabetes, which is given as the median and range (min–max).