Glyoxylate, a New Marker Metabolite of Type 2 Diabetes

Table 1

Increased plasma glyoxylate levels allow for diabetes diagnosis earlier than plasma glucose. Glyoxylate is significantly increased in blood plasma in type 2 diabetes and starts to rise in nonfasted subjects later diagnosed as prediabetic or diabetic up to 3 years prior to T2D diagnosis. For comparison, corresponding data on glucose changes from the same samples are provided. Significant differences in glyoxylate levels were detectable in fasting as well as in nonfasting plasma samples. Fasting plasma was obtained from diabetes and diabetes risk subjects () and from age, gender, and BMI matched nondiabetic subjects () participating in the prospective study; retrospective analyses of samples available (or stored) at the biobank of the Blood Donation Service were from diabetes and diabetes risk subjects () and from nondiabetic subjects () of the above described study group.

Study condition		Fasting plasma	Nonfasting plasma
Years prior to diagnosis of diabetes and diabetes risk		0	0	1.5	3	6
Glucose	Ratio diabetes and diabetes risk versus nondiabetic subjects	1.12^*	1.08^***	1.08^***	1.07	1.01
	( value)	<0.001	0.059	0.060	0.106	0.810
Glyoxylate	Ratio diabetes and diabetes risk versus nondiabetic subjects	1.13^**	1.21^**	1.17^***	1.21^**	1.03
	( value)	0.017	0.036	0.081	0.034	0.719

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