Exercise Induced Adipokine Changes and the Metabolic Syndrome
Table 4
Summary of selected clinical trials in which TNF-α level has been measured as a clinical outcome before and after exercise.
Number
Subjects
Exercise intensity
Measured parameters
Results
174
67 healthy, premenopausal women and 40 age matched normal weight women
Walk for at least 1 h three times a week plus a diet contained 1300 Kcal/d and behavioral counseling
Echocardiography plus circulating levels of TNF-α, IL-6, IL-8, and CRP
After one year, there was a significant reduction in inflammatory markers and improvement in cardiac function
175
23 overweight and obese adults are randomized into vit D + exercise and exercise group
All participants did 12-week (3 d/wk) progressive resistance exercise at 70–80% of one repetition maximum
Stimulated TNF-α, circulating CRP, TNF-α, IL-6, and ALT
Both groups had a significant reduction in nonstimulated TNF-α production after 12 weeks
176
82 subjects with type II diabetes and metabolic syndrome are randomized to following groups: 20 T2D (sedentary control, A) 20 T2D (low intensity aerobic exercise, B) 20 T2D (high intensity aerobic exercise, C) 22 T2D (aerobic and resistance exercise, D)
Twice a week supervised sessions of 60 min of aerobic exercise at 70–80% VO2 max for group C patients and 40 min aerobic exercise at 70–80% VO2 max + 20 min resistance exercise at 80% of 1 repetition maximum for Group D subjects. group B received counseling to perform low intensity physical activities. These protocols continued for 12 months
HbA1c, FBS, TG, TC, HDL, hs-CRP, IL-1β, IL-4, IL-6, IL-10, TNF-α, IFN-γ, leptin, resistin, and adiponectin VO2 max
(i) Significant decrease of hs-CRP in groups C and D (ii) Leptin, resistin, and IL-6 decreased in groups C & D, while adiponectin increased (iii) IL-1β, TNF-α, and IFN-γ decreased in group D, whereas anti-inflammatory IL-4 & 10 levels declined
177
31 inactive subjects with metabolic syndrome are divided to (i) High-intensity aerobic interval training (AIT), (ii) strength training (ST), (iii) control group
Exercise training was carried out three times per week for 12 weeks
Serum insulin, hs-CRP, IL-18, IL-6, and TNF-α
Serum IL-18 was reduced after AIT TNF-α level was lower in AIT group compared to ST and controls No changes in serum IL-6, insulin, or hs-CRP within or between the groups
178
20 obese individuals (BMI, 32) with at least one other component of the metabolic syndrome are randomized to exercise group and diet group after 8 weeks of control period
Exercise consisted of 8 weeks of moderate cycling exercise (30 min, 3 times/wk)
Fasting glucose and insulin levels Muscle biopsy for analysis of skeletal muscle TNF-α and GLUT4
Both interventions reduced plasma insulin levels Only diet reduced muscle TNF-α but exercise did not change TNF-α protein expression
179
47 obese diabetic patients randomly assigned to aerobic (AT, ) or aerobic plus resistance (ART, ) exercise protocols
AT program was 15 min row ergometer plus 15 min bicycle ergometer at 70% of HR max for 5 d/wk ART program was AT program plus 15 min resistance training at 40–50% of HR max
Blood glucose, insulin, and lipid profile Leptin, adiponectin, resistin, TNF-α, MCP-1, and MMP-2
Adiponectin level increased 54% after AT while decreased by 13% after ART MMP-2, TNF-α, and MCP-1 levels decreased in AT while increased in ART group
180
23 obese postmenopausal women underwent resistance exercise training or social interaction intervention
3 sets, 10 exercises, 3 × per week, 8–12 repetition maximum
IL-6, leptin, CRP, TNF-α, adiponectin, mRNA expression of TLR4, and MC1R.
TNF-α, CRP, and leptin reduced in exercise group without any change in body composition
ALT: alanine aminotransferase; BMI: body mass index; CRP: C reactive protein; FBS: fasting blood sugar; GLUT4: glucose transporter 4; HDL: high density lipoprotein; IFN-γ: interferon-gamma; MCP-1: monocyte chemoattractant protein-1; MC1R: melanocortin 1 receptor; MMP-2: matrix metalloproteinase-2; TG: triglyceride; TC: total cholesterol; TLR4: toll-like receptor 4.
