Gestational Diabetes Mellitus Worsens the Profile of Cardiometabolic Risk Markers and Decrease Indexes of Beta-Cell Function Independently of Insulin Resistance in Nondiabetic Women with a Parental History of Type 2 Diabetes

Table 1

Clinical characteristics of the study participants stratified into three groups: women with both pt2DM and pGDM, women with pt2DM but without pGDM, and control group.

Variable	pt2DM + pGDM; 𝑁=40 (I)	pt2DM; 𝑁=55 (II)	Controls; 𝑁=35 (III)	𝑃
Age (years)	31.63 (4.73)	29.18 (5.89)	29.25 (5.32)	0.0622
BMI (kg/m^2)	25.25 (4.44)	25.23 (5.15)	22.08 (2.06)	0.0020^I--III; 0.0069^II-III
Waist (cm)	83.61 (14.43)	82.93 (17.23)	74.03 (6.91)	0.0475^II-III
Fasting glucose (mmol/L)	4.88 (0.62)	4.78 (0.66)	4.63 (0.53)	0.3740
2 h (OGTT) glucose (mmol/L)	6.27 (1.65)	5.63 (1.50)	4.97 (0.60)	0.0001^I--IIIb; 0.0411^II-III
HbA1C (%)	5.65 (5.20–5.90)	5.50 (5.20–5.80)	5.40 (5.30–5.40)	0.0858
Fasting insulin (pmol/L)	51.00 (36.00–80.40)	72.72 (59.28–97.44)	54.60 (47.40–61.80)	0.0808^I-IIa; 0.3034^II-IIId
HOMA R	1.67 (1.29–2.29)	2.67 (2.13–3.42)	1.89 (1.58–2.37)	0.0039^I-II; 0.0015^II-III
HOMA B	130.04 (97.79–187.23)	209.90 (135.17–282.53)	159.00 (119.44–186.12)	0.35^I-IIa
Insulinogenic index	16.38 (9.55–27.54)	36.49 (19.76–70.09)	27.45 (14.44–36.79)	<0.0001^I-IIa; <0.0001^I--IIIbc
Disposition index	8.79 (5.01–14.81)	12.92 (6.90–26.52)	16.70 (7.22–17.48)	0.0497^I-IIa; 0.0498^I--IIIbc
Total cholesterol (mmol/L)	5.07 (4.50–5.74)	4.80 (4.28–5.61)	4.56 (4.27–5.04)	0.0162^I--IIIbc
LDL-cholesterol (mmol/L)	3.21 (2.72–3.75)	2.61 (2.20–3.08)	2.57 (2.30–3.05)	0.0006^I-IIa; 0.0010^I--IIIbc
HDL cholesterol (mmol/L)	1.55 (1.27–1.86)	1.55 (1.27–1.82)	1.73 (1.56–1.82)	0.0717^I--IIIbc; 0.0705^II-III
Triglycerides (mmol/L)	1.12 (0.72–1.53)	1.06 (0.69–1.50)	0.86 (0.67–1.05)	0.0800^I--IIIbc; 0.1072^II-III
TG/HDL-cholesterol	1.56 (1.00–2.63)	1.38 (0.97–2.77)	1.11 (0.89–1.50)	0.0347^II-IIId
Total./HDL cholesterol	3.42 (2.71–4.17)	2.96 (2.50–3.89)	2.70 (2.37–3.18)	0.0029^I--IIIbc
LDL-/HDL cholesterol	2.11 (1.57–2.76)	1.64 (1.25–2.23)	1.56 (1.18–1.89)	0.070^I-IIa; 0.14^I--IIIbc
Hs-CRP (ng/mL)	1.60 (0.70–3.28)	0.55 (0.27–2.97)	0.41 (0.22–0.79)	0.10^I--IIIbc
Leukocyte count	6720.00 (6060.00–7500.00)	6100.00 (5100.00–7600.00)	5290.00 (4800.00–6540.00)	0.0032^I--IIIbc
Fibrinogen	2.80 (2.50–3.30)	2.30 (1.90–2.60)	2.13 (1.90–3.00) 0.12	0.0003^I-IIa; 0.0054^I--IIIbc
PAI-1Ag (ng/mL)	56.59 (38.70–88.62)	67.20 (42.15–101.01)	71.36 (50.54–81.80)	0.4390
sVCAM-1 (ng/mL)	1105.43 (466.68–1509.53)	678.30 (565.85–981.90)	672.05 (455.70–1113.46)	0.1314
sICAM-1 (ng/mL)	305.01 (254.12–365.07)	167.02 (129.79–209.80)	140.40 (121.34–179.90)	<0.0001^I-IIa; <0.0001^I--IIIbc
sSel E (ng/mL)	35.18 (25.73–41.68)	30.34 (17.31–47.37)	20.90 (17.11–26.01)	0.0018^I--IIIbc; 0.0351^II-IIId
vWFAg (ng/mL)	104.45 (94.90–114.34)	97.08 (83.80–114.73)	104.87 (74.96–125.67)	0.3250
t-PaAg (ng/mL)	4.77 (3.81–7.13)	3.32 (2.20–5.70)	3.50 (2.66–4.64)	0.0147^I-IIa; 0.0221^I--IIIbc
Prediabetes	10 (15%)	8 (14%)		0.04*

All data are shown as mean (± SD), medians (IQR-interquartile range), 𝑃 values refer for differences between the three groups by using Kuskall-Wallis test. ^aAdjusted for HOMA IR, ^badjusted for BMI, ^cadjusted for postchallenge 2 h glucose, ^dadjusted for BMI, waist circumference and postchallenge 2 h glucose, and *hi squared test.