The Effect of Diabetes Self-Management Education on Body Weight, Glycemic Control, and Other Metabolic Markers in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus

Table 2

Comparison of ultrasound parameters of the carotid artery and metabolic markers between the baseline and follow-up assessments in the intervention and control groups.

	Intervention (𝑛=44)			Control (𝑛=44)
	^#Baseline	Follow up	𝑃 value	^#Baseline	Follow up	𝑃 value
Age, years	58.9±8.4	—	—	57.8±8.2	—	—
Gender, female/male, 𝑛	22/14	—	—	28/12	—	—
Duration of diabetes, years	8.7±6.9	—	—	7.3±6.4	—	—
IMT, 𝜇m	702.3±127.7	678.9±126.2	0.025*	693.4±127.3	687.1±135.5	0.579
DC, 1/KPa	0.017±0.009	0.016±0.005	0.821	0.016±0.006	0.017±0.006	0.529
CC, mm^2/KPa	0.731±0.284	0.730±0.266	0.660	0.753±0.262	0.735±0.279	0.525
𝛼	6.081±2.190	5.551±1.784	0.122	5.551±1.558	5.5597±1.800	0.124
𝛽	12.373±4.418	11.280±3.612	0.099	11.289±3.148	11.400±3.640	0.677
PWV, m/s	8.428±1.618	8.078±1.487	0.177	7.911±1.177	8.028±1.436	0.584
Blood glucose, mmol/L	7.689±1.639	7.517±1.602	0.238	7.968±1.729	8.128±1.771	0.427
Total cholesterol, mmol/L	4.664±0.944	4.440±0.961	0.034*	4.865±0.879	4.550±0.714	<0.001*
HDL, mmol/L	1.320±0.297	1.343±0.325	0.160	1.320±0.337	1.281±0.340	0.303
LDL, mmol/L	2.810±0.768	2.590±0.844	0.005*	2.927±0.748	2.631±0.674	<0.001*
Triglyceride, mmol/L	1.162±0.644	1.112±0.591	0.626	1.345±0.841	1.389±0.753	0.850
HbA1c, %	6.970±0.915	6.772±0.767	0.039*	7.038±1.042	7.118±1.300	0.102
Weight, kg	60.25±9.54	59.06±9.03	<0.001*	65.66±13.38	65.05±12.71	0.066
BMI, kg/m^2	23.82±4.57	23.25±4.14	<0.001*	25.42±4.65	25.03±4.35	0.019*
SBP, mmHg	127.1±17.7	125.9±16.1	0.692	122.5±14.8	124.8±17.6	0.498
DBP, mmHg	75.3±9.0	75.2±7.3	0.916	73.0±10.1	75.1±10.2	0.221

#No significant difference (𝑃>0.05) was found in age, gender, duration of type 2 diabetes, metabolic markers, CIMT, and CAS between the intervention and control groups in the baseline assessment.
^∗𝑃 value indicates significant difference between baseline and follow-up examination in either intervention group or control group. IMT: intima-media thickness; DC: distensibility coefficient; CC: compliance coefficient; PWV: pulse wave velocity; HDL: high density lipoprotein; LDL: low density lipoprotein; HbA1c: hemoglobin A1c; BMI: body mass index; SBP: systolic blood pressure; and DBP: diastolic blood pressure.