Research Article

Peripheral Neuropathy and Tear Film Dysfunction in Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus

Table 2

Comparison of symptoms and tear characteristics for control and patient groups (mean/median), together with the significance of their differences (ANOVA/Friedmann). Noninvasive tear breakup time (NIBUT) values are extrapolated from logarithmically transformed data.

DiabetesHealthy controlsANOVA/Friedmann 
( values)

McMonnies questionnaire 
(mean ± SD)
8.8 ± 6.77.6 ± 4.60.33
Lipid layer thickness grade (median)230.02
NIBUT (s) (mean ± SD) 6.0 ± 1.98.2 ± 2.5<0.0001
Phenol red thread test (mm) (mean ± SD)13.7 ± 4.716.3 ± 4.90.01
Corneal sensitivity threshold (mBAR)1.3 ± 1.30.2 ± 1.3<0.001