Meat Intake and Insulin Resistance in Women without Type 2 Diabetes

Table 2

Mean level of insulin resistance [HOMA] by meat exchange category, without and with means adjusted for potential confounders.

Variable controlled	Meat Exchange Group ]
	Low meat intake		Moderate meat intake		High meat intake
	1st quartile]		2nd-3rd quartiles]		4th quartile]
	]		]		]
	Mean	SD	Mean	SD	Mean	SD
None	1.39^a	0.88	1.69^b	1.02	1.71^b	1.21	7.4	0.0070
Age	1.39^a		1.69^b		1.71^b		7.3	0.0072
Education	1.40^a		1.70^b		1.73^b		7.3	0.0075
Carbohydrate intake	1.41^a		1.69^b		1.68^a,b		4.3	0.0389
Protein intake	1.39^a		1.70^b		1.68^a,b		6.5	0.0113
Fat intake	1.39^a		1.69^b		1.70^a,b		5.5	0.0197
Total energy intake	1.40^a		1.68^b		1.71^b		7.1	0.0083
Starch exchanges	1.36^a		1.70^b		1.72^b		8.8	0.0033
Sweets exchanges	1.38^a		1.70^b		1.69^b		7.5	0.0067
Fruit exchanges	1.41^a		1.69^b		1.69^a,b		5.5	0.0202
Vegetable exchanges	1.39^a		1.69^b		1.71^b		7.3	0.0074
Dairy exchanges	1.37^a		1.68^b		1.74^b		8.6	0.0036
VLM exchanges	1.39^a		1.69^b		1.71^b		7.3	0.0071
Fat exchanges	1.38^a		1.69^b		1.71^b		6.6	0.0107
BMI	1.51		1.66		1.65		1.8	0.1846
Body fat percentage	1.53		1.67		1.61		1.0	0.3201
Physical activity	1.39^a		1.70^b		1.69^b		7.1	0.0081
Model 1	1.49		1.67		1.66		1.9	0.1679
Model 2	1.38^a		1.69^b		1.71^b		6.2	0.0136

Means on the same row with the same superscript letter are not significantly different [].
Means on the same row as a potential confounding variable have been adjusted statistically for that variable.
For the meat exchange categories, low meat intake included women in the 1st quartile, daily servings per 4186 kJ [1000 kcal], 0.27–0.95, moderate meat exchange included women in the 2nd and 3rd quartiles, daily servings per 4186 kJ [1000 kcal], 0.96–1.59, and the high meat exchange category included women in the 4th quartile, daily servings per 4186 kJ [1000 kcal], 1.60–4.63.
Each of the exchange variables was calculated as servings per 4186 kJ [1000 kcal].
Model 1 includes the following covariates: age, education, body fat percentage, total physical activity, and servings of the following exchanges per 4186 kJ [1000 kcal], sweets, fruit, nonstarchy vegetables, dairy, very lean meat, and fat.
Model 2 employed the same covariates as Model 1, except that body fat percentage was not included.