Research Article
Vitamin D Deficiency Is Associated with the Presence and Severity of Diabetic Retinopathy in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus
Table 1
Clinical and biochemical characteristics of patients with type 2 diabetes with and without retinopathy.
| | | No retinopathy
( = 144) | Retinopathy
( = 139) | value |
| | Sex (male/female) | 74/70 | 71/68 | 1 | | Non-Caucasian | 5 (3.5%) | 6 (4.3%) | 0.95 | | Age (yr) | 58.1 (10.3) | 60.3 (8.9) | 0.09 | | Disease duration (yr) | 7.2 (5.5) | 13.9 (9.3) | <0.01 | | Insulin treatment (with or without oral agents) | 17 | 74 | <0.01 | | Smoking (current/past/never) | 30/49/64 | 28/41/70 | 0.61 | | Hypolipidemic treatment | 65 (45.1%) | 66 (47.5%) | 0.78 | | Antihypertensive treatment | 68 (47.2%) | 94 (67.6%) | <0.01 | | Body mass index (kg/m2) | 31.2 (5.2) | 31.8 (5.4) | 0.32 | | Hemoglobin A1c (%) | 7.3 (1.2) | 8.3 (1.4) | <0.01 | | Cholesterol (mg/dL) | 186.1 (37) | 185.1 (36.5) | 0.82 | | HDL cholesterol (mg/dL) | 48.6 (10.9) | 52.2 (15.6) | 0.08 | | LDL cholesterol (mg/dL) | 111.6 (30.9) | 106.4 (30.2) | 0.19 | | Triglycerides (mg/dL) | 137.4 (82.4) | 140.5 (122.7) | 0.64 | | Serum creatinine (mg/dL) | 0.8 (0.2) | 0.8 (0.2) | 0.83 | | Urinary albumin-to-creatinine ratio, (mg/g) | 11 (26.2) | 34.8 (52.4) | <0.01 | | Calcium (mg/dL) | 9.3 (0.4) | 9.3 (0.4) | 0.69 | | Phosphate (mg/dL) | 3.5 (0.5) | 3.5 (0.4) | 0.38 | | Parathormone (pg/mL) | 48.1 (18.9) | 45.3 (17.0) | 0.11 | | 25(OH)D (ng/mL) | 20.5 (8.1) | 19.2 (10.1) | 0.05 | | Vitamin D deficiency (25(OH)D <20 ng/mL) | 73 (50.7%) | 86 (61.9%) | 0.07 | | Season of assessment (spring/summer/autumn/winter) | 38/55/18/33 | 37/42/26/34 | 0.37 | | Physical activity (active/sedentary) | 74/70 | 74/65 | 0.85 | | Daily dietary vitamin D intake (mg) | 4.4 (2.2) | 4.6 (2.5) | 0.93 | | Daily dietary calcium intake (mg) | 1176 (434) | 1153 (529) | 0.65 |
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Data are mean ± standard deviation or (%), as needed. HDL: high density lipoprotein; LDL: low density lipoprotein; 25(OH)D: 25-hydroxy-vitamin D3.
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