Positive Psychological Interventions for Patients with Type 2 Diabetes: Rationale, Theoretical Model, and Intervention Development

Table 2

Baseline sociodemographic and clinical characteristics.

Characteristics	(% (total )
Demographics and psychosocial characteristics
Age in years (mean (SD))	60.1 (8.8)
Male	6 (40)
White	14 (93.3)
Medical history
Hypertension	14 (93.3)
Hyperlipidemia	10 (66.7)
Coronary artery disease	3 (20)
Current smoking	1 (6.7)
Body mass index	31.03 (5.5)
Hemoglobin A1c	8.7 (1.6)
Medications
Aspirin	11 (73.3)
ACE inhibitor/angiotensin II receptor blocker	10 (66.7)
Lipid-lowering agent (e.g., statin)	13 (86.7)
Insulin	12 (80)
Oral hypoglycemic agents	9 (60)
Antidepressants	6 (40)
Baseline psychological self-report measures (mean (SD))
LOT-R (range 0–24, higher = greater optimism)	13.0 (6.8)
GQ-6 (range 6–42, higher = greater gratitude)	35.7 (6.7)
HADS-D (range 0–21, higher = more depression)	7.0 (3.7)
HADS-A (range 0–21, higher = more anxiety)	7.9 (4.2)
Baseline medical self-report measures (mean (SD))
MOS SAS (range 3–18, higher = more adherent)	11.4 (3.4)
PROMIS-10 subscales (range 4–20, higher = better health)
Global Physical Health	11.8 (3.2)
Global Mental Health	10.7 (1.9)
DDS subscales (range 1–6, higher = more distress)
Emotional	3.1 (1.4)
Physical	1.1 (0.1)
Regimen	3.0 (1.4)
Interpersonal	2.4 (1.7)
SDSCA subscales (range 0–7, higher = better adherence)
Diet	4.1 (1.8)
Exercise	1.3 (1.9)
Blood sugar	5.2 (2.4)
Foot care	2.7 (2.8)

All figures are (%) unless otherwise specified.
Note. ACE: angiotensin-converting enzyme; DDS: Diabetes Distress Scale; GQ-6: Gratitude Questionnaire-6; HADS-A: Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale-Anxiety Subscale; HADS-D: Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale-Depression Subscale; LOT-R: Life Orientation Test-Revised; MOS SAS: Medical Outcomes Study Specific Adherence Scale items; PROMIS-10: Patient-Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System 10-Item Scale; SDSCA: Summary of Diabetes Self-Care Activities.