Euglycemia in Diabetic Rats Leads to Reduced Liver Weight via Increased Autophagy and Apoptosis through Increased AMPK and Caspase-3 and Decreased mTOR Activities

Figure 1

Animal study design. Square boxes: ad libitum diet; ovals: calorie-controlled diet; 19S: sham-operated rats fed standard chow ad libitum (protein 19.4, carbohydrate 68.8, and lipid 11.8 kcal%); 19AL: pancreatectomized diabetic rats fed standard chow ad libitum; 19R: pancreatectomized diabetic rats fed calorie-controlled standard chow to achieve euglycemia during the diet control period; 6R: pancreatectomized diabetic rats fed a calorie-controlled low protein diet (protein 6.0, carbohydrate 82.2, and lipid 11.8 kcal%) to achieve euglycemia during the diet control period.