Roles of Pyruvate, NADH, and Mitochondrial Complex I in Redox Balance and Imbalance in β Cell Function and Dysfunction

Figure 2

Fate of glucose. The major pathways shown in this diagram are glycolysis, the TCA cycle, and the pentose phosphate pathway. Additionally, glucose can be used as sources for fatty acid synthesis and lactate and alanine formation and can also be stored as glycogen in liver and skeletal muscle (not shown in the diagram). The pathways in blue (the polyol pathway and the hexosamine pathway) can be significant ones for glucose utilization under diabetic conditions.