Combined Methods for Diabetic Retinopathy Screening, Using Retina Photographs and Tear Fluid Proteomics Biomarkers

Table 2

Performance measures of the screening methods.

Screening method		SENS	SPC	ACC	PREC	NPV		LRP	LRN
Image processing	Mean	0.84	0.81	0.84	0.94	0.63	0.89	4.42	0.20
	SD	0.11	0.04	0.10	0.13	0.11	0.11	2.36	0.11
Proteomics	Mean	0.87	0.68	0.82	0.89	0.63	0.88	2.72	0.19
	SD	0.17	0.12	0.11	0.21	0.15	0.16	1.24	0.12
Combined method	Mean	0.93	0.78	0.89	0.93	0.78	0.93	4.23	0.09
	SD	0.18	0.19	0.15	0.23	0.22	0.18	1.32	0.07

Performance measures of the image processing based, the tear proteomics based, and the combined screening methods. SENS: sensitivity, SPC: specificity, ACC: accuracy, PREC: precision (positive predictive value), NPV: negative predictive value, 1: -measure, LRP: likelihood ratio positive, and LRN: likelihood ratio negative.