Can the Onset of Type 2 Diabetes Be Delayed by a Group-Based Lifestyle Intervention in Women with Prediabetes following Gestational Diabetes Mellitus (GDM)? Findings from a Randomized Control Mixed Methods Trial
Table 4
Improvement from baseline to one-year follow-up (by group).
Variable
Improvement control () mean (sd)
Improvement intervention () mean (sd)
value
95% CI for difference in mean improvement
Glucose function
Fasting plasma glucose (0 h)
−0.13 (0.63)
0.04 (0.45)
0.36
(−0.54, 0.20)
Glucose tolerance (2 h)†
−0.27 (1.46)
0.81 (1.21)
0.02
(−1.99, −0.18)
Insulin resistance
0.41 (1.21)
0.45 (1.63)
0.94
(−1.15, 1.07)
Lipids profile
Triglycerides
0.09 (0.47)
−0.14 (0.76)
0.31
(−0.23, 0.68)
HDL cholesterol
0.02 (0.28)
−0.11 (0.20)
0.13
(−0.04, 0.29)
LDL cholesterol
0.33 (0.64)
0.34 (0.59)
0.96
(−0.43, 0.41)
Total cholesterol
0.23 (0.44)
0.39 (0.84)
0.50
(−0.65, 0.33)
Weight and waist circumference
Weight (kg)
0.08 (5.66)
0.84 (4.93)
0.67
(−4.36, 2.83)
BMI
−0.10 (2.19)
0.19 (1.83)
0.67
(−1.65, 1.08)
Waist circumference (cm)
−0.01 (9.18)
0.81 (7.24)
0.77
(−6.48, 4.83)
Physical activity and diet
Total physical activity per week (mins)
52.0 (103)
−9.2 (93)
0.10
(−12.6, 134.6)
Estimated METmax
0.13 (1.46)
0.99 (1.68)
0.13
(−0.27, 1.99)
Mediterranean diet score
0.62 (2.22)
0.00 (2.06)
0.39
(−.82, 2.06)
Mood
Energy and vitality
−3.36 (18.25)
1.56 (5.21)
0.37
(−15.68, 8.21)
Nonspecific psychological distress
3.24 (15.37)
8.00 (15.93)
0.51
(−8.47, 10.93)
Depression
1.90 (3.42)
3.43 (3.81)
0.21
(−2.29, 3.27)
Anxiety
0.90 (2.88)
1.31 (2.38)
0.64
(−1.93, 2.37)
Stress†
0.95 (2.11)
3.31 (3.94)
0.04
(−4.62, −0.11)
Cognition
Motivation to change
0.33 (1.19)
0.75 (1.43)
0.35
(−0.22, 0.80)
Social support: significant other
0.09 (3.98)
2.50 (7.00)
0.23
(−0.21, 5.92)
Social support: family
0.43 (4.26)
1.62 (3.61)
0.27
(−3.31, 4.54)
Social support: friends
0.38 (4.18)
2.07 (4.54)
0.38
(−1.80, 4.31)
Exercise self-efficacy
−0.21 (1.19)
0.02 (0.91)
0.33
(−0.19, 0.83)
Diet self-efficacy
−0.52 (1.06)
0.08 (0.72)
0.04
(−1.19, −0.008)
Wellbeing
General health
−0.04 (0.59)
0.31 (0.94)
0.19
(−0.56, 0.49)
Quality of life
−0.09 (0.83)
0.46 (0.64)
0.02
(−1.061, −0.063)
. On these variables higher scores at 1-year follow-up represent an improvement in function. Thus, improvement is calculated by subtracting baseline score from 1-year follow-up score. On all other variables a lower score at 1-year follow-up represents improvement; therefore, improvement is calculated by subtracting 1-year follow-up score from baseline score.
