| | | Regression coefficients | | (95% CI) | | | Univariable | Final model |
| | Prepregnancy BMI | | | | <18.5 | −1.72 (−3.88, 0.44) | −1.52 (−3.63, 0.60) | | 18.5–24.9 (ref) | — | — | | 25.0–30.0 | 0.42 (−0.64, 1.49) | 0.38 (−0.67, 1.42) | | 30.0+ | 0.98 (−0.32, 2.28) | 1.35 (0.07, 2.64) |
| | Age (per 1 year) | 0.13 (0.04, 0.21) | — |
| | Preexisting CVD or hypertension | | | | Yes | −0.87 (−3.22, 1.47) | — | | No (ref) | — | |
| | Prepregnancy smoking | | | | Yes | −1.10 (−2.13, −0.06) | — | | No (ref) | — | |
| | Parity | | | | 0 (ref) | — | — | | 1+ | 1.65 (0.76, 2.54) | 1.95 (1.07, 2.83) |
| | Height (for each 10 cm change) | 2.17 (1.54, 2.79) | 2.12 (1.50, 2.74) |
| | Education | | | | Did not complete high school | −0.89 (−2.81, 1.03) | — | | Completed high school only | −1.04 (−2.37, 0.30) | | | Education beyond high school (ref) | — | |
| | Income | | | | <$30,000 | −0.01 (−1.41, 1.40) | — | | $30,000–$80,000 (ref) | — | | | $80,000+ | 0.27 (−0.65, 1.19) | |
| | Stress | −0.15 (−0.58, 0.27) | — |
| | Antidepressant use | | | | Yes | 2.23 (−1.43, 5.88) | — | | No (ref) | — | |
| | Depression | | | | <16 on CES-D (ref) | — | — | | ≥16 on CES-D | −0.92 (−2.03, 0.19) | |
| | Smoking during pregnancy | | | | Yes | −3.03 (−4.49, −1.56) | −3.01 (−4.45, −1.57) | | No (ref) | — | — |
| | Hyper emesis | | | | Yes | −0.82 (−1.93, 0.29) | — | | No (ref) | — | |
| | Exercise | | | | ≥3 times a week (ref) | — | — | | <3 times a week | −0.04 (−0.94, 0.86) | |
| | Total kilocalories (per 100 kcal) | 0.005 (−0.05, 0.06) | — |
| | Percentage of kcals from fat (per 10%) | 0.54 (−0.44, 1.53) | — |
| | Vitamin D sufficiency | | | | Yes (ref) | — | — | | No | −0.37 (−1.54, 0.80) | |
| | Grams of omega-3 (per 1 gram) | 0.52 (−1.44, 2.49) | — |
| | Weight gain | | | | Insufficient | −2.16 (−4.30, −0.02) | −2.42 (−4.54, −0.30) | | Appropriate (ref) | — | — | | Excess | 2.01 (0.74, 3.27) | 2.15 (0.90, 3.40) |
| | Gestational diabetes | | | | None (ref) | — | — | | Abnormal glucose tolerance | 4.82 (1.09, 8.54) | 4.98 (1.34, 8.63) | | Gestational diabetes | −0.05 (−2.53, 2.44) | 0.03 (−2.42, 2.48) |
| | Insulin use | | | | Yes | 0.49 (−2.69, 3.95) | — | | No (ref) | — | |
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*Age, preexisting CVD or hypertension, prepregnancy smoking, parity, education, income, stress, antidepressant use, depression, hyper emesis, exercise, total kilocalories, percent kilocalories from fat, vitamin D sufficiency, omega-3 fatty acid consumption, and insulin use did not reach statistical significance during the model building process.
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