Impact of Gender on the Association of Epicardial Fat Thickness, Obesity, and Circadian Blood Pressure Pattern in Hypertensive Patients
Table 1
The clinical characteristics and ambulatory blood pressure measurements of the study population in males.
Without hypertension
With essential hypertension
ANOVA
Normal weight ()
Normal weight ()
Obese ()
value
Age (years)
49.4 ± 14.4
49.5 ± 16.7
45.7 ± 12.9
0.177
Body mass index (kg/m2)
22.7 ± 1.69
22.5 ± 1.81
28.2 ± 3.16
<0.001
Office systolic BP (mmHg)
126.5 ± 18.4
138.8 ± 19.9
142.3 ± 15.8
0.027
Office diastolic BP (mmHg)
76.3 ± 16.7
79.3 ± 11.9
82.0 ± 12.8
0.003
Fasting blood sugar (mg/dL)
98.1 ± 11.1
100.5 ± 17.2
104.5 ± 29.5
0.493
Hemoglobin (mg/dL)
13.9 ± 1.64
14.4 ± 1.55
14.9 ± 1.33
0.002
Total cholesterol (mg/dL)
171.9 ± 40.3
177.2 ± 37.0
185.5 ± 35.7
0.016
LDL-cholesterol (mg/dL)
104.2 ± 38.6
93.5 ± 38.9
93.5 ± 38.9
0.064
HDL-cholesterol (mg/dL)
50.1 ± 15.8
50.2 ± 13.8
47.0 ± 12.7
0.071
Triglyceride (mg/dL)
109.9 ± 54.0
119.6 ± 65.1
155.3 ± 92.2
<0.001
HR daytime (/min)
74.2 ± 8.68
76.6 ± 10.4
79.9 ± 13.5
0.123
BPs daytime (mmHg)
121.3 ± 6.91
144.0 ± 12.9
146.6 ± 13.3
<0.001
BPd daytime (mmHg)
76.9 ± 3.87
92.8 ± 9.98
96.4 ± 11.6
<0.001
HR nighttime (/min)
60.8 ± 8.52
63.9 ± 9.98
66.5 ± 10.1
0.005
BPs nighttime (mmHg)
111.5 ± 8.21
133.7 ± 14.6
133.7 ± 14.4
<0.001
BPd nighttime (mmHg)
69.1 ± 4.69
83.1 ± 9.90
84.6 ± 13.8
<0.001
24-hour mean HR (/min)
70.6 ± 8.18
72.3 ± 12.9
76.3 ± 11.3
0.014
24-hour mean HR SD
15.5 ± 5.52
15.1 ± 8.69
16.1 ± 6.65
0.397
24-hour systolic BP (mmHg)
118.6 ± 6.66
141.3 ± 12.4
143.4 ± 13.1
<0.001
24-hour diastolic BP (mmHg)
74.7 ± 3.29
90.4 ± 9.36
93.7 ± 11.2
<0.001
24-hour systolic BP SD
13.7 ± 4.23
14.6 ± 4.07
15.3 ± 4.36
0.138
24-hour diastolic BP SD
11.0 ± 3.61
12.8 ± 3.84
13.7 ± 4.67
0.002
Nondipper
3 (7.3%)
50 (42%)
62 (53.0%)
<0.001
All values are presented as the mean ± SD. EFT: epicardial fat thickness; BP: blood pressure; LDL: low density lipoprotein; HDL: high density lipoprotein; HR: heart rate; BPs: systolic blood pressure; SD: standard deviation; BPd: diastolic blood pressure; versus normotensive normal weight; versus hypertensive normal weight.