Research Article

Impact of Gender on the Association of Epicardial Fat Thickness, Obesity, and Circadian Blood Pressure Pattern in Hypertensive Patients

Table 1

The clinical characteristics and ambulatory blood pressure measurements of the study population in males.

Without hypertensionWith essential hypertensionANOVA
Normal weight ()Normal weight ()Obese () value

Age (years)49.4 ± 14.449.5 ± 16.745.7 ± 12.90.177
Body mass index (kg/m2)22.7 ± 1.6922.5 ± 1.8128.2 ± 3.16<0.001
Office systolic BP (mmHg)126.5 ± 18.4138.8 ± 19.9142.3 ± 15.80.027
Office diastolic BP (mmHg)76.3 ± 16.779.3 ± 11.982.0 ± 12.80.003
Fasting blood sugar (mg/dL)98.1 ± 11.1100.5 ± 17.2104.5 ± 29.50.493
Hemoglobin (mg/dL)13.9 ± 1.6414.4 ± 1.5514.9 ± 1.330.002
Total cholesterol (mg/dL)171.9 ± 40.3177.2 ± 37.0185.5 ± 35.70.016
LDL-cholesterol (mg/dL)104.2 ± 38.693.5 ± 38.993.5 ± 38.90.064
HDL-cholesterol (mg/dL)50.1 ± 15.850.2 ± 13.847.0 ± 12.70.071
Triglyceride (mg/dL)109.9 ± 54.0119.6 ± 65.1155.3 ± 92.2<0.001
HR daytime (/min)74.2 ± 8.6876.6 ± 10.479.9 ± 13.50.123
BPs daytime (mmHg)121.3 ± 6.91144.0 ± 12.9146.6 ± 13.3<0.001
BPd daytime (mmHg)76.9 ± 3.8792.8 ± 9.9896.4 ± 11.6<0.001
HR nighttime (/min)60.8 ± 8.5263.9 ± 9.9866.5 ± 10.10.005
BPs nighttime (mmHg)111.5 ± 8.21133.7 ± 14.6133.7 ± 14.4<0.001
BPd nighttime (mmHg)69.1 ± 4.6983.1 ± 9.9084.6 ± 13.8<0.001
24-hour mean HR (/min)70.6 ± 8.1872.3 ± 12.976.3 ± 11.30.014
24-hour mean HR SD15.5 ± 5.5215.1 ± 8.6916.1 ± 6.650.397
24-hour systolic BP (mmHg)118.6 ± 6.66141.3 ± 12.4143.4 ± 13.1<0.001
24-hour diastolic BP (mmHg)74.7 ± 3.2990.4 ± 9.3693.7 ± 11.2<0.001
24-hour systolic BP SD13.7 ± 4.2314.6 ± 4.0715.3 ± 4.360.138
24-hour diastolic BP SD11.0 ± 3.6112.8 ± 3.8413.7 ± 4.670.002
Nondipper3 (7.3%)50 (42%)62 (53.0%)<0.001

All values are presented as the mean ± SD. EFT: epicardial fat thickness; BP: blood pressure; LDL: low density lipoprotein; HDL: high density lipoprotein; HR: heart rate; BPs: systolic blood pressure; SD: standard deviation; BPd: diastolic blood pressure; versus normotensive normal weight; versus hypertensive normal weight.