The Impact of an Internet-Based Self-Management Intervention (HeLP-Diabetes) on the Psychological Well-Being of Adults with Type 2 Diabetes: A Mixed-Method Cohort Study

Table 4

Outcome measures at baseline and 6-week follow-up.

Measure	Before M (SD)	After M (SD)	score	Wilcoxon Signed Ranks	Cohen’s
				Sig
PAID	26.32 (20.88)	20.97 (16.53)	2.04	0.04	0.28
HADS	12.33 (10.15)	12.78 (11.20)	0.89	0.38	0.04
DMSES	90.67 (20.17)	102.78 (26.66)	1.87	0.06	0.51

Notes. PAID = Problem Areas in Diabetes scale. HADS = Hospital Anxiety and Depression scale. DMSES = Diabetes Management Self-Efficacy scale UK. Please refer to Section 2 for an explanation of direction and range of each scale. Level of significance = 0.05.