Reference Animals, Age, week Training modality Type of sport Training frequency Acute/chronic exercise Training intensity Tissue & condition Time since the last exercise bout, h Changes in glucose uptake-related molecular signaling Treadway et al., 1989 [17 ] Male Sprague-Dawley rats n.r. ET Treadmill running 45 min Acute 18 m/min Insulin stimulated muscle Immediately after exercise No effect on insulin binding, basal and insulin-stimulated receptor autophosphorylation, or basal and insulin-stimulated exogenous kinase activity Goodyear et al., 1995 [18 ] Male Sprague-Dawley rats n.r. ES Contraction n.r. Acute Training duration, 500 ms; pulse rate, 100 Hz; duration, 0.1 ms at 1–3 V Insulin stimulated muscle Immediately after contraction phase Decrease of insulin-stimulated tyrosine phosphorylation and PI3-kinase activity (20%), no effect of exercise without insulin Sakamoto et al., 2002 [50 ] Male Sprague-Dawley rats n.r. ES Contraction n.r. Acute Training rate, 1/s; train duration, 500 ms; pulse rate, 100 Hz; duration, 0.1 ms at 2–5 V Muscle Immediately after contraction phase Increase of Akt Ser473 phosphorylation after 5 min (3-fold) and decrease to +23% after 30 min Wojtaszewski et al., 1999 [51 ] Male muscle-specific insulin receptor knockout mice 9-10 ET Treadmill running 60 min Acute 22 m/min with 10% incline Insulin stimulated muscle Immediately after exercise Increase of insulin-stimulated glucose transport without improvement of proximal insulin signaling, but increase of Akt phosphorylation (6.0-fold) Castorena et al., 2014 [49 ] Male Wistar rats (LFD and HFD) n.r. ET Swimming 4 × 30 min Acute n.r. Insulin stimulated muscle Immediately and 3 h after exercise phase Increase of AS160 immediately (2.0–2.5-fold) and after 3 h (3-fold, in LFD) Bruss et al., 2005 [57 ] Male Wistar rats n.r. ES Contraction n.r. Acute Training rate, 2/min; training duration, 10 s; pulse rate, 100 Hz; duration, 0.1 ms at 2–5 V Muscle Immediately after contraction phase Increase of AS160 phosphorylation (3.7-fold) Fujii et al., 2005 [97 ] Muscle-specific transgenic knockout of α 2 subunits of AMPK mice 10–16 ES Contraction 10 min Acute Training rate, 1/min; training duration, 10 s; pulse rate, 100 Hz; duration, 0.1 ms at 100 V Muscle Immediately after contraction phase Near normal glucose uptake (−13%) in KO mice Jeppesen et al., 2013 [98 ] Muscle specific knockout of LKB1 mice 16–20 ET Treadmill running 24 min Acute 12.5 m/min Muscle Immediately after contraction phase Normal glucose uptake in LKB1 deficient mice Lefort et al., 2008 [99 ] Muscle-specific transgenic knockout of α 2 subunits of AMPK mice n.r. ES Contraction 2 min Acute Training rate, 1/s; training duration, 500 ms; pulse rate, 100 Hz; at 30 V Muscle Immediately after contraction phase No change of AMPK activity after contraction, but increase of glucose uptake by 50% compared to CON mice Sakamoto et al., 2005 [100 ] Muscle specific knockout of LKB1 mice n.r. ES Contraction 5 min Acute Training rate, 1/s; training duration, 200 ms; pulse rate, 50 Hz; duration, 0.1 ms at 2–5 V Muscle Immediately after contraction phase Reduced glucose uptake in LKB1 deficient mice Thomson et al., 2008 [41 ] Fischer 344 × Brown Norway male rats 32 ES Contraction 22 min Acute 10 sets 6 contractions for 3 s Muscle Immediately and 20, and 40 min after contraction phase Increase of AMPK activity and inhibition of mTOR signaling Katta et al., 2009 [36 ] 12 male lean normal Zucker rats, 12 male young obese Syndrome × Zucker rats 10 ES n.r. 22 min Acute 10 sets of 6 contractions Muscle Immediately, 1 h and 3 h after exercise Increase of mTOR phosphorylation (Ser2448, 63%) and p70S6K (Thr389, 37%) compared to lean normal Zucker rats Sylow et al., 2013 [101 ] Female C57BL/6 mice 12–16 ET Treadmill running 50%–70% maximal running speed 30 min Acute 16 m/min Muscle Immediately after exercise Increase of Rac1 activity by 44%/50%/100% after 40%/50%/70% of maximal speed Witczak et al., 2007 [102 ] Female ICR mice 8 ES Contraction 15 min Acute n.r. Muscle 45 min after contraction No change in insulin-stimulated glucose uptake in calmodulin-binding domain-mutant mice, decrease of contraction-stimulated glucose uptake in calmodulin-binding domain-mutant mice Witczak et al., 2010 [103 ] Female ICR mice 6–8 ES Contraction 10 min Acute Training rate, 1/min; training duration, 10 s; pulse rate, 100 pulses/s; duration, 0.1 ms; volts, 100 V Muscle 45 min after contraction Decrease of contraction-induced muscle glucose uptake (30%) Edgett et al., 2013 [46 ] Female Sprague-Dawley rats n.r. ET Treadmill running 120 min Acute 15 m/min + 5 m/min every 5 min Muscle Immediately and 3 h after exercise Time-dependent increase of mTOR mRNA by 44% after 180 min of recovery Edgett et al., 2013 [46 ] Female Sprague-Dawley rats n.r. ES Contraction 120 min Chronic (7 days) n.r. Muscle Immediately and 3 h after exercise Increase of mTOR phosphorylation by 74% after 7 days of ES Calegari et al., 2011 [31 ] 20 male Wistar rats 8 ET Treadmill running 5–60 min Chronic (8 weeks) 5 m/min–30 m/min Pancreatic islets 24 h after exercise Increase of AMPK phosphorylation (100%) and CaMKII phosphorylation (+50%) Luo et al., 2013 [30 ] Male Sprague-Dawley rats 18–20 RT Ladder climbing with weights 3 × 10 repetitions Chronic (9 weeks) 10% per week increase of additional weight Muscle 48 h after exercise Increase of both total and phosphorylated AMPK compared to sedentary control Ritchie et al., 2014 [53 ] Male wild-type (WT, C57BL/6J) mice, adiponectin knockout (AdKO, B6.129-Adipoqtm1Chan/J) mice 12 ET Treadmill running 3 × 45–60 min Chronic (8 weeks) 20–32 m/min Insulin stimulated muscle 48 h after exercise Increase in total AS160 phosphorylation from AdKO (44%) compared to WT mice (28%);
