Reference Animals, Age, week Training modality Type of sport Training frequency Acute/chronic exercise Training intensity Tissue & condition Time since the last exercise bout, h Changes in cytokines and related inflammatory signaling Oliveira et al., 2011 [69 ] Male Wistar rats with HFD 8 ET Swimming 2 × 180 min Acute Additional weight of 5% of body weight Adipose, muscle & hepatic tissue 2, 16, 24, and 36 h after exercise Decrease in TLR4 mRNA and protein expression in all tissues and reduction in JNK and IKKβ phosphorylation in adipose, muscle & hepatic tissue;α and IL-6 mRNA levels in all tissues Castellani et al., 2015 [74 ] Male untrained C57BL/6J mice, 10 ET Treadmill running 120 min Acute 15 m/min–19 m/min (50% maximal running speed) Adipose tissue & plasma Immediately and 4 h after exercise Increase of IL-6 and IL-6 Rα protein expression (3-fold) after exercise, more pronounced in trained mice compared to untrained mice Whitham et al., 2012 [81 ] Male untrained C57BL/6 mice (CON), n.r. ET Treadmill running 30–60 min Acute 0.22–0.25 m/s Muscle Immediately and 30 min after exercise Increase of muscle IL-6 mRNA expression 30 min after exercise in CON; Macpherson et al., 2015 [75 ] Male untrained C57BL/6J mice fed with HFD 7 ET Treadmill running 120 min Acute 15 m/min - 5% incline Adipose tissue Immediately and 2 h after exercise Increase of MCP-1 mRNA (2-fold) immediately after exercise and increase of IL-6, MCP-1 (10-fold) and IL-10 (5-fold) mRNA after 2 hours Kawanishi et al., 2013 [62 ] 12 male C57BL/6J mice with HFD, 12 C57BL/6J mice with ND 4 ET Treadmill running 5 × 60 min Chronic (16 week) 15 m/min–20 m/min Adipose tissue & liver 72 h after exercise Higher levels of TNFα mRNA (4.0-fold) and IL-6 mRNA (2.5-fold) in HFD sedentary mice compared to ND mice after chronic exercise Cho et al., 2016 [94 ] 10 untrained C57BL/6 mice with HFD 15 HIT Treadmill running 40 min Chronic (8 weeks) 10–17 m/min Muscle Immediately after exercise Prevention of downregulation of AdipoR1 expression caused by HFD Ritchie et al., 2014 [53 ] Male wild-type (WT, C57BL/6J), adiponectin knockout (AdKO, B6.129-Adipoqtm1Chan/J) mice 12 ET Treadmill running 3 × 45–60 min Chronic (8 weeks) 5 × 20–32 m/min Muscle 48 h after exercise Increase in total AS160 from AdKO (44%) compared to WT mice (28%); da Luz et al., 2011 [67 ] Obese DIO rats n.r. ET Swimming 5 × 60 min Chronic (8 weeks) Additional weight of 5% of body weight Adipose tissue & hepatic tissue Immediately after exercise Decrease of JNK, Iκ B, and NF-κ B activity and protein expression and increase of IRS-1, insulin receptor, and Akt phosphorylation after chronic exercise in adipose and hepatic tissue Medeiros et al., 2011 [68 ] Obese Wistar rats with HFD n.r. ET Swimming n.r. Chronic (12 weeks) n.r. Adipose tissue n.r. Increase in Akt (2.3-fold) and Foxo1 (1.7-fold) phosphorylation, reduction in phospho-JNK (1.9-fold), NF-kB (1.6-fold) and PTP-1B (1.5-fold) protein expression, and increase in mTOR (1.7-fold), p70S6k (1.9-fold), and 4E-BP1 phosphorylation (1.4-fold) after exercise training Oliveira et al., 2011 [69 ] Male Wistar rats with HFD 8 ET Swimming 5 × 60 min Chronic (8 weeks) Additional weight of 5% of body weight Adipose, muscle & hepatic tissue 24 and 36 h after exercise Decrease in TLR4 mRNA and protein expression and reduction of JNK and IKKβ phosphorylation in adipose, muscle & hepatic tissue;α and IL-6 mRNA level in all tissues Passos et al., 2015 [85 ] Male Sprague-Dawley rats with HFD 5-6 ET Treadmill running 5 × 60 min Chronic (8 weeks) 15–25 m/min Plasma Immediately after exercise Decrease in JNK activation and total JNK level in HFD compared to sedentary HFD Mardare et al., 2016 [80 ] Male C57BL/6 mice 10 ET Treadmill running 5 × 30 min Chronic (10 weeks) 80% Serum & adipose tissue 72 h after exercise Decrease of IL-18 and TNF-α expression in adipose tissue Mardare et al., 2016 [80 ] Male C57BL/6 mice 10 RT Isometric strength training 5 × 3 min with 3 sets Chronic (10 weeks) n.r. Serum & adipose tissue 72 h after exercise Decrease of IL-18 serum levels
