The Association of Retinopathy and Plasma Glucose and HbA1c: A Validation of Diabetes Diagnostic Criteria in a Chinese Population

Table 1

Characteristics of the participants divided according to the presence of DR (ETDRS scale score ≥ level 20).

	With DR	Without DR
N	40	3084
Age (years)	55.6 ± 8.1	47.8 ± 11.8	<0.001
Male (%)	42.5	48	0.487
BMI (kg/m^2)	25.9 ± 3.8	26.2 ± 3.8	0.635
SBP (mmHg)	140.1 ± 18.6	129.2 ± 17.0	<0.001
DBP (mmHg)	91.2 ± 14.6	85.0 ± 11.6	0.011
FPG (mmol/L)	8.4 ± 2.8	5.9 ± 1.5	<0.001
2hPG (mmol/L)	11.9 ± 7.5	7.2 ± 3.3	<0.001
HbA1c (%)	7.2 ± 1.6	5.6 ± 0.9	<0.001
Fasting insulin (mU/L)	8.9 (4.1, 13.4)	7.4 (4.7, 11.3)	0.398
2 h postload insulin (mU/L)	22.1 (14.5, 45.2)	40.1 (23.1, 67.0)	0.014
ALT (U/L)	21.5 (16.0, 27.5)	20.0 (15.0, 27.0)	0.368
AST (U/L)	20.0 (17.0, 25.0)	21.0 (18.0, 25.0)	0.764
SCR (µmol/L)	52.0 (43.4, 64.5)	58.0 (49.0, 68.4)	0.026
UA (mmol/L)	251.5 (208.0, 297.3)	273.0 (227.0, 331.0)	0.028
TC (mmol/L)	4.8 (4.3, 5.5)	4.8 (4.3, 5.5)	0.939
TG (mmol/L)	1.1 (0.7, 1.9)	1.2 (0.8, 1.9)	0.889
HDL-C (mmol/L)	1.1 (1.0, 1.4)	1.1 (1.0, 1.3)	0.679
LDL-C (mmol/L)	2.7 (2.2, 3.2)	2.8 (2.3, 3.3)	0.477
UACR (mg/g)	24.6 (3.2, 64.6)	5.8 (2.2, 15.1)	0.001

Variables with a normal distribution are presented as the mean ± standard deviation; other variables are presented as the median (interquartile range).
DR, diabetic retinopathy; ETDRS, Early Treatment of Diabetic Retinopathy Study; BMI, body mass index; SBP, systolic blood pressure; DBP, diastolic blood pressure; FPG, fasting plasma glucose; 2hPG, 2-hour postload plasma glucose; HbA1c, glycated hemoglobin A1c; ALT, alanine aminotransferase; AST, aspartate aminotransferase; SCR, serum creatinine; UA, uric acid; TC, total cholesterol; TG, triglycerides; HDL-C, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol; LDL-C, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol; UACR, urine albumin-to-creatinine ratio.