Urinary Biomarkers in the Assessment of Early Diabetic Nephropathy

Table 1

Urinary biomarkers in the assessment of early diabetic nephropathy.

Glomerular biomarkers		Tubular biomarkers
Transferrin	Microalbuminuria; The main marker in current use	Neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin (NGAL)
Immunoglobulin G		Alpha-1-microglobulin
Ceruloplasmin		Kidney injury molecule-1 (KIM-1)
Type IV collagen		N-acetyl-β-D glucosaminidase
Laminin		Angiotensinogen
Glycosaminoglycans		Cystatin C
Lipocalin-type prostaglandin D synthase		Liver-type fatty acid binding protein
Fibronectin		Nephrine
Podocytes-podocalyxin		Heart fatty binding protein
Vascular endothelial growth factor/VEGF		Advanced glycation end products
Inflammatory biomarkers	Other new markers under study	Oxidative stress biomarkers
Tumor necrosis factor alpha	Retinol binding protein-4	8-Oxo-7,8-dihydro-2′-deoxyguanosine
Orosomucoid	Vitamin D binding protein
	Heme oxygenase-1
	Periostin
	Alpha klotho
	Microvesicle-bound dipeptidyl peptidase IV
	MicroRNA
	Adipokinesine alpha-2 glycoprotein