Nanoparticle Delivered Human Biliverdin Reductase-Based Peptide Increases Glucose Uptake by Activating IRK/Akt/GSK3 Axis: The Peptide Is Effective in the Cell and Wild-Type and Diabetic Ob/Ob Mice

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P2-nanoparticles modulate circulating glucose level. (a) Glucose tolerance test in wild-type mice; P2-nanoparticles lower blood glucose level. C57Bl/6J mice were deprived of food overnight. After anesthesia, P2- or control nanoparticles (1.1 μg peptide/g body weight) were injected ip, followed by glucose injection 10 min later (1.5 mg/g body weight). Blood glucose was measured with a portable glucometer at the times shown. The values are mean ± sem for four mice in each group. , . (b) Glucose tolerance test in Ob/Ob mice-P2-nanoparticles lower blood glucose level. Anesthetized mice were injected with P2- or control nanoparticles, and blood glucose was measured starting 30 min later, for the times indicated in the figure. Data points are mean ± sem for three mice in each group . (c) P2-nanoparticles attenuate hyperglycemia induced by ketamine-xylazine anesthesia in fed Ob/Ob mice. Blood was withdrawn for glucose measurement as soon as the mice became unconscious. Second sample was taken at 30 min after nanoparticle injection. Data are presented as the mean ratio of blood glucose at 30 min to that at zero time, ± sem. The difference in mean ratio is significant; . (d) Glucose stimulation of insulin secretion is suppressed by P2-nanoparticles in Ob/Ob mice. Ob/Ob mice were injected with P2- or control nanoparticles, followed by glucose injection (0.5 mg/g body weight). Blood was withdrawn at the indicated times, and insulin was measured by ELISA. The data shown are the mean ± sem for three mice in each group.

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